{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:57:29Z","timestamp":1789185449009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are different opinions about the effects of growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) on thyroid function and volume. This study aimed to assess the effects of GHRT on thyroid volume and function in the children and adolescents with growth hormone (GH) deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 29 patients diagnosed with GH deficiency were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of 29 cases matched for age, gender and pubertal period with the patients. Thyroid function tests and insulin-like growth factor levels were measured, simultaneously thyroid volumes were assessed by ultrasonography at the initiation period and at the end of GHRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid volumes of the patient group was \u22120.55\u00b11.1 standard deviations (SDs) initially; whereas at the end of 1 year it was found to be \u22120.29\u00b11.29 SDs and both SDs of thyroid volumes did not differ significantly. The SDs of thyroid volume of the control group was \u22120.85\u00b11.03 SDs initially and \u22120.72\u00b10.85 SDs at the end of 1 year; and they did not differ significantly. On the other hand, after GHRT of 1 year, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4) levels decreased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was observed that SDs of thyroid gland volumes did not change in GH deficient children and adolescents after GHRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T10:01:46Z","timestamp":1508234506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of 1-year growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid volume and function of the children and adolescents with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Meliksah","family":"Keskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvan","family":"Bayramoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehra","family":"Aycan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1179\/027249302125002047","article-title":"Normal thyroid volume by ultrasonography in healthy children","volume":"22","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0966","article-title":"Effects of GH replacement therapy on thyroid volume and nodule development in GH deficient adults: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"172","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1179\/027249302125002047","article-title":"Normal thyroid volume by ultrasonography in healthy children","volume":"22","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02688.x","article-title":"Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients","volume":"66","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03815.x","article-title":"The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis in hypopituitary patients","volume":"74","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol 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hypopituitarism","volume":"81","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13272","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone replacement on the thyroid axis in patients with hypopituitarism: in vivo and ex vivo studies","volume":"86","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8479","article-title":"Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T(4) therapy become mandatory?","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13272","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone replacement on the thyroid axis in patients with hypopituitarism: in vivo and ex vivo studies","volume":"86","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"265","article-title":"Effects of depot growth hormone replacement on thyroid function and volume in adults with congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"656","article-title":"Reference ranges for two automated chemiluminecent assays for serum ins\u00fclin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3)","volume":"42","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"656","article-title":"Reference ranges for two automated chemiluminecent assays for serum ins\u00fclin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3)","volume":"42","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Growth hormone does not increase thyroid size in the absence of thyrotropin: a study in adults with hypopituitarism","volume":"81","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8479","article-title":"Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T(4) therapy become mandatory?","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0266","article-title":"Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0266","article-title":"Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0966","article-title":"Effects of GH replacement therapy on thyroid volume and nodule development in GH deficient adults: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"172","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and 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