{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:39:47Z","timestamp":1775767187497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0254_s_999_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c15b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) and celiac disease (CD) are commonly associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). There is no consensus on screening, however, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) recommend testing for thyroid function (TFT), thyroid antibodies and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TTG) IgA soon after diagnosis. TFT should be repeated every 1\u20132 years while TTG IgA should be tested for within 2 and 5 years. We hypothesize that the rate of HT and CD in our T1DM children is lower, so screening may need to be revised to reflect their underlying risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0254_s_998_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c15b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved retrospective chart review was conducted on children with T1DM in the past 10 years. Age, sex, race, A1C, TFT, thyroid and celiac antibodies were obtained. t-Tests, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and stepwise regression were performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0254_s_997_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c15b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 222 children with T1DM, with a mean age of 15.8\u00b15.53 years, followed for 6.1\u00b14.0 years, 53% female, mean A1C 11.1\u00b11.9% and 87% African American (AA). Three had Graves\u2019 disease (1.3%), three had HT (1.3%) and 97% were euthyroid. TFT were assessed on average every 1.3 years and thyroid antibodies every 2.5 years. Positive thyroid antibody was found in 11%, negative in 57% and unknown in 32%. The positive antibody group had higher mean A1C and TSH. No biopsy confirmed cases of CD (0%) were found when screened every 2.3 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0254_s_996_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c15b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The number of individuals who screened positive for hypothyroid HT and CD was lower than expected in our population. Further studies are needed to assess the optimal screening frequency for HT and CD in minority children with T1DM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T05:55:25Z","timestamp":1531461325000},"page":"879-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Screening for autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease in minority children with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Elna","family":"Kochummen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology , SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albara","family":"Marwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vatcharapan","family":"Umpaichitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology , SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Perez-Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology , SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian L.","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology , SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital Center , 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box# 49 , Brooklyn, NY 11203 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040101280973364_j_jpem-2017-0254_ref_001_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","unstructured":"Roldan MB, Alonso M, Barrio R. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1999;12:27\u201331."},{"key":"2023040101280973364_j_jpem-2017-0254_ref_002_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park YS, Kim TW, Kim WB, Cho BY. Increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Korean J Intern Med 2000;15:202\u201310.","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2000.15.3.202"},{"key":"2023040101280973364_j_jpem-2017-0254_ref_003_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kordonouri O, Klinghammer A, Lang EB, Gruters-Kieslich A, Grabert M, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter survey. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1346\u201350.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.8.1346"},{"key":"2023040101280973364_j_jpem-2017-0254_ref_004_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab2b1b4Aa","unstructured":"Piatkowska E, Szalecki M. Autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2011;17:173\u20137."},{"key":"2023040101280973364_j_jpem-2017-0254_ref_005_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab2b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triolo TM, Armstrong TK, McFann K, Yu L, Rewers MJ, et al. Additional autoimmune disease found in 33% of patients at type 1 diabetes onset. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1211\u20133.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1756"},{"key":"2023040101280973364_j_jpem-2017-0254_ref_006_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riquetto AD, de Noronha RM, Matsuo EM, Ishida EJ, Vaidergorn RE, et al. Thyroid function and autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 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