{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:03:12Z","timestamp":1784286192754,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n As per the International Society for Pediatrics and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) census, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most frequent cause of diabetes-related death. In developing countries, DKA-related mortality rate ranges from 6% to 24% (Onyiriuka AN, Ifebi E. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: frequency and clinical characteristics. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013;12:47) in contrast to 0.15%\u20130.31% in the Western world (Poovazhagi V. Risk factors for mortality in children with diabetic ketoacidosis from developing countries. World J Diabetes 2014;5:932\u201393.). In developing countries like Pakistan, the situation is more perplexing owing to uncertain or under-reported statistics about the spectrum of the disease and its prevalence, coupled with limited access to medical care and experts as well as less awareness. These limitations restrict our ability to develop interventions that are patient-centered. Our main objective was to determine the severity, clinical features, bio-chemical findings and outcomes of DKA in children aged 1 month to 16 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective study included the analysis of medical and laboratory records from patients\u2019 medical charts and the electronic database of all children aged 1 month to 16 years with newly diagnosed type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) complicated with ketoacidosis, who presented to the emergency department (ED) at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), between January 2009 and December 2014.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Diabetes mellitus complicated with DKA was the predominant diagnosis (n=113 [75.83%]) among endocrine diseases in children visiting the ED. Our study witnessed an increase in the incidence of DKA particularly after 5 years of age, with more severity in females. In our study, the mortality rate was 3.4%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Considering the high incidence and mortality rate, it is emphasized that DKA should be considered in differential diagnosis. An awareness campaign for both general pediatricians and physicians as well as for the public is needed for better outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T04:49:43Z","timestamp":1548823783000},"page":"115-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Frequency, clinical characteristics, biochemical findings and outcomes of DKA at the onset of type-1 DM in young children and adolescents living in a developing country \u2013 an experience from a pediatric emergency department"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Amna","family":"Jawaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine , Aga Khan University Hospital , Karachi , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjumand","family":"Sohaila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics and Child Health , Aga Khan University Hospital , Karachi , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics and Child Health , Aga Khan University Hospital , Karachi , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unaib","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Board Family Medicine , Ministry of Health , Qassim , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_001_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyiriuka AN, Ifebi E. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: frequency and clinical characteristics. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013;12:47.","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-47"},{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_002_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b2Aa","unstructured":"Lone SW, Siddiqui EU, Muhammed F, Atta I, Ibrahim MN, et al. Frequency, clinical characteristics and outcome of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type-1 diabetes at a tertiary care hospital. J Pak Med Assoc 2010;60:725\u20139."},{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_003_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poovazhagi V. Risk factors for mortality in children with diabetic ketoacidosis from developing countries. World J Diabetes 2014;5:932\u201393.","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.932"},{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_004_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster JR, Morrison G, Fraser DD. Diabetic ketoacidosis-associated stroke in children and youth. Stroke Res Treat 2011;2011:219706.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/219706"},{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_005_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b5Aa","unstructured":"Demographic profile 2018. Islamabad, Pakistan: Population \u2013 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics."},{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_006_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfsdorf J, Craig ME, Daneman D, Dunger D. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2009 Compendium Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009;10(Suppl. 12):118\u201333.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2009.00569.x"},{"key":"2026071710040124920_j_jpem-2018-0324_ref_007_w2aab2b8c27b1b7b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szypowska A, Ramotowska A, Grzechnik-Gryziak M, Szypowski W, Pasierb A, et al. 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