{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T10:44:10Z","timestamp":1774608250614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0134_s_999_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title id=\"d679415e11257_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b1aAa\">Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We depicted gender-differences in metabolic syndrome (MS) clustering before and after puberty in pediatrics, in order to develop gender specific preventive strategies for childhood obesity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0134_s_998_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title id=\"d679415e11265_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b2aAa\">Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We considered 1079 children and adolescents (529 females and 550 males; mean age 11.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8 year). According to body mass index (BMI) percentiles the subjects were classified as normal weight BMI &lt;75th, overweight BMI 75\u201395th and with obesity BMI &gt;95th. MS was diagnosed when three of the following criteria for age and sex percentiles were met: BMI &gt;95th, triglycerides (TGs) level &gt;95th, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) level &lt;5th, blood pressure (blood pressure) &gt;95th percentile, fasting blood glucose (FBG) &gt;100 mg\/dL and\/or homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) &gt;97.5th percentile.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0134_s_997_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title id=\"d679415e11273_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b3aAa\">Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of dismetabolic factors was similar in both genders, except for pathological BP, which was higher in males (p\u2009=\u20090.02). MS was detected only in patients with obesity, with a higher prevalence in pubertal than late\/post-pubertal subjects (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), without any significant difference between gender. In pre-puberty, the most common MS combination was obesity (HBMI)\u2009+\u2009hypertension (HBP)\u2009+\u2009hyperglycemia\/insulin resistance (HGLY\/IR) followed by HBMI\u2009+\u2009low HDL-levels (LHDL)\u2009+\u2009HGLY\/IR versus HBMI\u2009+\u2009HBP\u2009+\u2009HGLY\/IR followed by HBMI\u2009+\u2009HBP\u2009+\u2009LHDL, respectively, in females and males. In the early and late\/post-pubertal periods, the most prevalent combination remained similar to pre-puberty, additionally in both sexes other combinations, such as HBMI\u2009+\u2009HTG\u2009+\u2009HBP\u2009+\u2009HGLY\/IR, HBMI\u2009+\u2009 HBP\u2009+\u2009LHDL\u2009+\u2009HGLY\/IR, HBMI\u2009+\u2009HTG\u2009+\u2009LHDL\u2009+\u2009HGLY\/IR and HBMI\u2009+\u2009HTG\u2009+\u2009LHDL\u2009+\u2009HBP\u2009+\u2009HGLY\/IR were also detected, differently distributed in males and females.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0134_s_996_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title id=\"d679415e11281_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c18b4aAa\">Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We confirm that MS is an important consequence related to obesity, particularly in the post-puberty stage. Some gender-based differences should be considered early in order to identify specific preventive and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]],"date-time":"2020-01-12T09:12:56Z","timestamp":1578820376000},"page":"279-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Gender-based differences in the clustering of metabolic syndrome factors in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Department of Maternal and Children\u2019s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Larizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Department of Maternal and Children\u2019s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"De Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Albertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Vinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Department of Maternal and Children\u2019s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Regalbuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Department of Maternal and Children\u2019s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Dobbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Department of Maternal and Children\u2019s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Montalbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Department of Maternal and Children\u2019s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Pelizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgery Department , \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Milano , Milano , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hellas","family":"Cena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology , ICS Maugeri IRCCS , Pavia , Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040101034628424_j_jpem-2019-0134_ref_001_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab1b6b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafsson J. 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