{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:56:21Z","timestamp":1791294981617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0152_s_999\"><jats:title id=\"d614445e43096\">Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main objective of this study was to compare future glycemic control in children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at toddler age and preschool\/school age. In addition, we aimed to examine risk factors known to be associated with future glycated hemoglobin A<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>(HbA<jats:sub>1c)<\/jats:sub>levels in children diagnosed with T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0152_s_998\"><jats:title id=\"d614445e43110\">Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort study of 85 patients diagnosed with T1DM at toddler age (group 1; 0\u20132.9 years; n\u2009=\u200936) or preschool\/school age (group 2; 5\u20136.9 years; n\u2009=\u200949) who were followed up at the University Children\u2019s Hospital in Zurich for at least 10 consecutive years or until the age of 15 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0152_s_997\"><jats:title id=\"d614445e43118\">Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>level in the first year after diagnosis had a highly predictive value about glycemic control in the following 6 years. In addition, a longer duration of T1DM was associated with higher HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>values. HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>values did not differ significantly within 11 years after diagnosis between children in the two age groups. Neither was a difference found when comparing the two groups in respect to their chronological age, although a trend was noted (p\u2009=\u20090.09). This trend is very likely due to a longer duration of diabetes in group 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0152_s_996\"><jats:title id=\"d614445e43135\">Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>level in the first year predicts glycemic control for the next 6 years and deterioration of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>values can be noted with longer duration of T1DM. Moreover, our study demonstrated similar future glycemic control in patients diagnosed with T1DM at toddler age and preschool\/school age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T09:04:00Z","timestamp":1563527040000},"page":"929-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Future glycemic control of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at toddler and preschool\/school age"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Tim R.J.","family":"Aeppli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona L.","family":"Mahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408214","article-title":"Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes","volume":"371","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.7.1066","article-title":"The onset age of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children has become younger. 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