{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:14:15Z","timestamp":1778170455931,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004160","name":"Mazandran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0396_abs_001_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Its most important immunologic markers are pancreatic beta-cell autoantibodies. This study aimed to determine diabetes mellitus antibodies frequency among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0396_abs_002_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This descriptive study evaluated the frequency of four diabetes autoantibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies [GADA], islet cell autoantibodies [ICA], insulin autoantibodies [IAA], tyrosine phosphatase\u2013like insulinoma antigen-2 antibodies [IA-2A]) and their serum level in children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the diabetes department of Bou-Ali-Sina Hospital and Baghban Clinic, Sari, Iran, from March 2012 to March 2018. The relationship between the level of different antibodies and age, gender, and diabetes duration were determined. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0396_abs_003_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred forty-two eligible patient records were screened. The average age at diabetes diagnosis was 4.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.4 years. The median duration of diabetes was 34.0 (12.7\u201369.7) months. 53.5% of patients were female, and 81.7% of them had at least one positive autoantibody, and ICA in 66.2%, GADA in 56.3%, IA-2A in 40.1%, and IAA in 21.8% were positive. The type of the autoantibodies and their serum level was similar between females and males but there was a higher rate of positive autoantibodies in females. The level of IA-2A and ICA were in positive and weak correlation with age at diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0396_abs_004_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>More than 80% of pediatric and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes were autoantibody-positive. ICA and GADA were the most frequently detected autoantibodies. The presence of antibodies was significantly higher in females.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T19:14:56Z","timestamp":1598642096000},"page":"1299-1305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes mellitus pediatrics in Mazandaran, North of Iran"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Zamanfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center of Mazandaran , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Aarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Ischemic Disorders Research Center , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monireh","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-4191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahila","family":"Monajati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025050302105016421_j_jpem-2019-0396_ref_001_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bluestone, JA, Herold, K, Eisenbarth, G. 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