{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T11:12:03Z","timestamp":1771413123980,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0534_s_999_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1aab1c16b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Juvenile breast hypertrophy is characterised by massive enlargement of the breast in the peri-pubertal period. We aimed to analyse body size measurements (body mass index [BMI], waist-to-hip circumference ratio [WHR]), digit ratio (ratio of II and IV digits\u2019 length [2D:4D]) and oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ER\u03b1) and progesterone receptors (PRs) in the breast gland in women with juvenile gigantomastia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0534_s_998_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1aab1c16b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study involved 30 women (mean age 25.7 years) (mean age of onset \u2013 14.8 years). ER\u03b1 and PR expressions were detected immunohistochemically in breast gland samples. For comparison, 100 controls (50 women and 50 men) were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0534_s_997_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1aab1c16b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>BMI and WHR in women with gigantomastia were higher than in control women and the former had a higher WHR than expected for their BMI. 2D:4D in the examined women did not differ from that in control women. However, left 2D:4D was negatively related to the age of gigantomastia onset. There were no correlations between ER and PR expressions and the analysed body and digit ratios.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2019-0534_s_996_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1aab1c16b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lack of a relationship between 2D:4D and juvenile breast hypertrophy may suggest that foetal exposure to sex hormones may not be crucial in its aetiology. However, the link between high left 2D:4D and early development of gigantomastia suggests that prenatal sex hormones have a role in its development timing. High WHR, and particularly high WHR relative to BMI, may indicate that these women had at some stage of development higher circulating androgens, which may have been converted to oestrogens in breasts due to local aromatase activity. Verification of this hypothesis could allow consideration of the role of aromatase inhibitors in juvenile breast hypertrophy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T09:02:06Z","timestamp":1582275726000},"page":"403-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Body size measurements, digit ratio (2D:4D) and oestrogen and progesterone receptors\u2019 expressions in juvenile gigantomastia"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kasielska-Trojan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Institute of Surgery , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Danilewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Sitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boguslaw","family":"Antoszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Institute of Surgery , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040101053376415_j_jpem-2019-0534_ref_001_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dancey A, Khan M, Dawson J, Peart F. Gigantomastia \u2013 a classification and review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61:493\u2013502.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.10.041"},{"key":"2023040101053376415_j_jpem-2019-0534_ref_002_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor CJ, Chester DL. Bilateral breast reduction surgery in elderly women: a retrospective review of outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012;65:304\u201311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.09.032"},{"key":"2023040101053376415_j_jpem-2019-0534_ref_003_w2aab3b7c56b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netscher DT, Meade RA, Goodman CM, Brehm BJ, Friedman JD, et al. Physical and psychosocial symptoms among 88 volunteer subjects compared to patients seeking plastic surgery procedures to the breast. 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