{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:11:57Z","timestamp":1794003117179,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2020-0138_abs_001_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1aab1c15b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Childhood obesity is an important cause of end-stage renal disease. To date, available markers do not characterize kidney changes, especially in the early stages. kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are already detected before the onset of proteinuria or alterations of glomerular filtration rate and thus might represent biomarkers that directly reflect kidney injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2020-0138_abs_002_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1aab1c15b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We characterize kidney injury in a group of 40 obese-prepubertal children compared to 29-healthy age- and gender matched-peers. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were determined. Fasting blood samples were collected for measurement of insulin, glucose, lipid profile, transaminases, cystatin C and creatinine. Urine samples were collected to assess urinary NGAL, KIM-1 and urinary isoprostanes. Kidney length was measured with ultrasound evaluation. Differences between the two groups were evaluated by Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore relationship between variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2020-0138_abs_003_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1aab1c15b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Triglycerides, alanine transaminase (ALT), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, triglycerides\/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratio and cystatin C values were significantly higher in obese children than normal weight peers. Creatinine values were normal and similar between the two groups, while isoprostanes were higher in obese. Obese children had larger kidney sizes, indicating organ hypertrophy. NGAL and KIM-1 were increased in obese children compared to controls. A significant association between NGAL and KIM-1 with adiposity indices, insulin status and markers of oxidative stress postulated a possible effect of obesity in inducing kidney abnormalities. KIM-1 and NGAL are directly related respectively to cystatin C and isoprostanes, supporting the ability of these biomarkers in reflecting early kidney damages in obese subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2020-0138_abs_004_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1aab1c15b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings suggest that obese subjects exhibit a certain degree of renal damage before kidney function loss.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T14:47:50Z","timestamp":1598626070000},"page":"1183-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Role of urinary NGAL and KIM-1 as biomarkers of early kidney injury in obese prepubertal children"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Nella","family":"Polidori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piernicola","family":"Pelliccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Mohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_001_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunta, SS, Mak, RH. Is obesity a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in children? Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:1949\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-012-2353-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2353-z"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_002_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, CY, McCulloch, CE, Iribarren, C, Darbinian, J, Go, AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:21\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-144-1-200601030-00006.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-1-200601030-00006"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_003_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, R, Gracida, C, Cancino, J, Ibarra, A. Effect of obese living donors on the outcome and metabolic features in recipients of kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2006;38:888\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.02.044.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.02.044"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_004_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, W, Mak, RH. Early markers of obesity-related renal injury in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-014-2976-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2976-3"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_005_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacciari, E, Milani, S, Balsamo, A, Spada, E, Bona, G, Cavallo, L, et al. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2\u201320 yr). J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:581\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03344156.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344156"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_006_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National high blood pressure education program working group on high blood pressure in children and adolescent. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescent. Pediatrics 2004;114:555\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-2345.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.S2.555"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_007_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, T, Alon, US, Althahabi, R, Garg, U. Impact of standardization of creatinine methodology on the assessment of glomerular filtration rate in children. Pediatr Res 2009;65:113\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/pdr.0b013e318189a6e8.","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318189a6e8"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_008_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savino, A, Pelliccia, P, Giannini, C, de Giorgio, T, Cataldo, I, Chiarelli, F, et al. Implications for kidney disease in obese children and adolescent. Pediatr Nephrol 2011;26:749\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-010-1659-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1659-y"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_009_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, DR, Hosker, JP, Rudenski, AS, Naylor, BA, Treacher, DF, Turner, RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00280883.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_010_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, GJ, Brion, LP, Spitzer, A. The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Clin 1987;34:571\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-3955(16)36251-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36251-4"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_011_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia-Costa, L, Sousa, T, Morato, M, Cosme, D, Afonso, J, Areias, JC, et al. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide are increased in obese children and correlate with cardiometabolic risk and renal function. Br J Nutr 2016;116:805\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114516002804.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002804"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_012_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Sande, NG, Blankestijn, PJ, Leiner, T, van der Graaf, Y, de Borst, GJ, Cramer, MJ, et al. High ratios of kidney function to kidney size are related to mortality and kidney function decline in high-risk patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017;24:926\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2047487317690950.","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317690950"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_013_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, V, Vence, LM, Salahudeen, AK. Urinary tubular protein-based biomarkers in the rodent model of cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a comparative analysis of serum creatinine, renal histology, and urinary KIM-1, NGAL, and NAG in the initiation, maintenance, and recovery phases of acute kidney injury. J Invest Med 2013;61:564\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2310\/jim.0b013e31828233a8.","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31828233a8"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_014_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X, Guan, Y, Xu, S, Li, Q, Sun, Y, Han, R, et al. Early predictors of acute kidney injury: a narrative review. Kidney Blood Press Res 2016;41:680\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000447937.","DOI":"10.1159\/000447937"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_015_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assadi, F, Sharbaf, FG. Urine KIM-1 as a potential biomarker of acute renal injury after circulatory collapse in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2019;35:104\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000000886.","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000886"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_016_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ucakturk, A, Avci, B, Genc, G, Ozkaya, O, Aydin, M. Kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in normoalbuminuric diabetic children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016;29:145\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2015-0138.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2015-0138"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_017_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goknar, N, Okyem, F, Ozgen, IT, Torun, E, Ku\u00e7ukkoc, M, Demir, AD, et al. Determination of early urinary renal injury markers in obese children. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-014-2829-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2829-0"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_018_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantoja-Zuzuarregui, JR, Mallios, R, Murphy, J. The effect of obesity on kidney length in a healthy pediatric population. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:2023\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-009-1202-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1202-1"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_019_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soheilipour, F, Jesmi, F, Rahimzadeh, N, Pishgahroudsari, M, Almassinokian, F, Mazaherinezhad, A. Configuring a better estimation of kidney size in obese children and adolescents. Iran J Pediatr 2016;26:e4700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ijp.4700.","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.4700"},{"key":"2021052023504075106_j_jpem-2020-0138_ref_020_w2aab3b7c33b1b6b1ab2b1c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia-Costa, L, Afonso, AC, Schaefer, F, Guimaraes, JT, Bustorff, M, Guerra, A, et al. Decrease renal function in overweight and obese prepubertal children. Pediatr Res 2015;78:436\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2015.130.","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.130"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/jpem\/33\/9\/article-p1183.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2020-0138\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2020-0138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T23:55:30Z","timestamp":1621554930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2020-0138\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpem-2020-0138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2020-0138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0251","0334-018X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]}}}