{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1793506883238,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2021-0271_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other comorbidities in overweight and obese children in Malatya, Turkey.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2021-0271_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective cross-sectional study. We studied 860 obese and overweight children and adolescents (obese children Body mass index (BMI) &gt;95th percentile, overweight children BMI &gt;85th percentile) aged between 6 and 18 years. The diagnosis of MetS, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and T2DM were defined according to modified the World Health Organization criteria adapted for children. Other comorbidities were studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2021-0271_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subjects (n=860) consisted of 113 overweight and 747 obese children of whom 434 (50.5%) were girls. MetS was significantly more prevalent in obese than overweight children (43.8 vs. 2.7%, p&lt;0.001), and in pubertal than prepubertal children (41.1 vs. 31.7%, p&lt;0.001). Mean homeostasis model assessment for insulin ratio (HOMA-IR) was 3.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.0 in the prepubertal and 4.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.4 in pubertal children (p&lt;0.001). All cases underwent oral glucose tolerance test and IGT, IFG, and T2DM were diagnosed in 124 (14.4%), 19 (2.2%), and 32 (3.7%) cases, respectively. Insulin resistance (IR) was present in 606 cases (70.5%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2021-0271_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Puberty and obesity are important risk factors for MetS, T2DM, and IR. The prevalence of MetS, T2DM, and other morbidities was high in the study cohort. Obese children and adolescents should be carefully screened for T2DM, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, dyslipidemia, hypertension, IGT, and IFG. The prevention, early recognition, and treatment of obesity are essential to avoid associated morbidities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2021-0271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:35:39Z","timestamp":1642120539000},"page":"435-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and related morbidities in overweight and obese children"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1468-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130smail","family":"D\u00fcndar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , \u0130nonu University Faculty of Medicine , Malatya , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fehan","family":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , \u0130nonu University Faculty of Medicine , Malatya , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, AC, Ravanbakht, SN, Skelton, JA, Perrin, EM, Armstrong, SC. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999\u20132016. Pediatrics 2018;141:e20173459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-3459.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3459"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Afshin, A, Forouzanfar, MH, Reitsma, MB, Sur, P, Estep, K, et al.. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med 2017;377:13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Galarza, J, Balde\u00f3n, L, Franco, OH, Muka, T, Drexhage, HA, Voortman, T, et al.. Prevalence of overweight and metabolic syndrome, and associated sociodemographic factors among adult Ecuadorian populations: the ENSANUT-ECU study. J Endocrinol Invest 2021;44:63\u201374.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01267-9"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friend, A, Craig, L, Turner, S. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children: a systematic review of the literature. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2013;11:71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/met.2012.0122.","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2012.0122"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer-Davis, EJ, Lawrence, JM, Dabelea, D, Divers, J, Isom, S, Dolan, L, et al.. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002\u20132012. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1419\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1610187.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atabek, ME, Eklio\u011flu, BS, Aky\u00fcrek, N. Reevaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban area of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:50\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/Jcrpe.778.","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.778"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangun, O, Dundar, B, Kosker, M, Pirgon, O, Dundar, N. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents using three different criteria and evaluation of risk factors. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011;3:70\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.v3i2.15.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v3i2.15"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daye, M, Selver Eklioglu, B, Atabek, ME. Relationship of acanthosis nigricans with metabolic syndrome in obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020;33:1563\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2020-0154.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0154"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, Y, Kandemir, N, Alikasifoglu, A, Gonc, N, Ozon, A. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: the role of the severity of obesity. Eur J Pediatr 2008;167:1183\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-007-0658-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0658-x"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halilo\u011flu, B, Abal\u0131, S, Bu\u011frul, F, \u00c7elik, E, Ba\u015f, S, Atay, Z, et al.. The distribution of different types of diabetes in childhood: a single center experience. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2018;10:125\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.5204.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.5204"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatun, S, Yesiltepe Mutlu, G, Cinaz, P, Turan, SU, Ekberzade, A, Bereket, AB, et al.. Characteristics of Turkish children with type 2 diabetes at onset: a multicentre, cross\u2010sectional study. Diabet Med 2019;36:1243\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14038.","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14038"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberti, KG, Zimmet, PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998;15:539\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::aid-dia668>3.0.co;2-s.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_013","unstructured":"CDC. Centers for diseases control and prevention. Children BMI. 2021. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/dnpa\/bmi\/childrens [Accessed 15 Jun 2021]."},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pekkanen, J, Tuomilehto, J, Qiao, Q, Jousilahti, P, Lindstr\u00f6m, P, DECODE Study Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Diabetes epidemiology: collaborative analysis of diagnostic criteria in Europe. Lancet 1999;354:617\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12131-1"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate and hyperglycaemia. Report of a WHO\/IDF consultation. http:\/\/www.who.int\/diabetes\/publications\/diagnosis_diabetes2006\/en\/ [Accessed 12 Dec 2021]."},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, DR, Hosker, JP, Rudenski, AS, Naylor, BA, Treacher, DF, Turner, RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00280883.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keskin, M, Kurtoglu, S, Kendirci, M, Atabek, ME, Yazici, C. Homeostasis model assessment is more reliable than the fasting glucose\/insulin ratio and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index for assessing insulin resistance among obese children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2005;115:500\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-1921.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1921"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valerio, G, Licenziati, MR, Iannuzzi, A, Franzese, A, Siani, P, Riccardi, G, et al.. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents from Southern Italy. Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis 2006;16:279\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.12.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.12.007"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, LS, Buonani, C, Monteiro, PA, Mello Antunes, BM, Freitas J\u00fanior, IF. Metabolic syndrome: criteria for diagnosing in children and adolescents. Endocrinol Metab Syndrome 2013;2:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2161-1017.1000118.","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1017.1000118"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian Flemming, GM, Bussler, S, K\u00f6rner, A, Kiess, W. Definition and early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020;33:821\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2019-0552.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0552"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberti, KGM, Zimmet, P, Shaw, J. The metabolic syndrome\u2014a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005;366:1059\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67402-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67402-8"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, S, Weitzman, M, Auinger, P, Nguyen, M, Dietz, WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magge, SN, Goodman, E, Armstrong, SC, Committee on Nutrition, Section on Endocrinology, Section on Obesity. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: shifting the focus to cardiometabolic risk factor clustering. Pediatrics 2017;140:e20171603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-1603.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1603"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, AM, Gurka, MJ, DeBoer, MD. Trends in metabolic syndrome severity and lifestyle factors among adolescents. Pediatrics 2016;137:e20153177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-3177.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3177"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, R, Dziura, J, Burgert, TS, Tamborlane, WV, Taksali, SE, Yeckel, CW, et al.. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2362\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa031049.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031049"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hamad, D, Raman, V. Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Transl Pediatr 2017;6:397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp.2017.10.02.","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2017.10.02"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitew, ZW, Alemu, A, Ayele, EG, Tenaw, Z, Alebel, A, Worku, T. Metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndrome 2020;12:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-020-00601-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00601-8"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association 12. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142018. Diabetes Care 2018;41(1 Suppl):S126\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-S012.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S012"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprague, JE, Gandica, R, Kelsey, MM. Insulin resistance in puberty. In: Insulin resistance. Cham: Humana; 2020:119\u201331 pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25057-7_8"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candler, TP, Mahmoud, O, Lynn, RM, Majbar, AA, Barrett, TG, Shield, JPH. Continuing rise of type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK. Diabet Med 2018;35:737\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13609.","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13609"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton, KP, Hou, J, Crimmins, NA, Lavine, JE, Barlow, SE, Xanthakos, SA, et al.. Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:e161971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1971.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1971"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mungklarat, P, Juttuporn, A, Suphaphimon, W, Sanor, W, Kooanantkul, C, Numbenjapon, N, et al.. Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among tha\u0131 overweight and obese children and adolescents. J Southeast Asian Med Res 2019;3:59\u201366.","DOI":"10.55374\/jseamed.v3i2.41"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wabitsch, M, Hauner, H, Hertrampf, M, Muche, R, Hay, B, Mayer, H, et al.. Type II diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Caucasian children and adolescents with obesity living in Germany. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:307\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802555.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802555"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chynoweth, J, Hosking, J, Jeffery, A, Pinkney, J. Contrasting impact of androgens on male and female adiposity, fat distribution and insulin resistance in childhood and adolescence (EarlyBird 75). Pediatr Obes 2020;15:e12685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijpo.12685.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12685"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelsey, MM, Pyle, L, Hilkin, A, Severn, CD, Utzschneider, K, Van Pelt, RE, et al.. The impact of obesity on insulin sensitivity and secretion during pubertal progression: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:e2061\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa043.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa043"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidsson, L, Alkhabbaz, E, Vijayan, V, Alhubail, A, Shaltout, A, Alkandari, H. Intermediate hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome among obese Arab children (12\u201317 years old) in Kuwait. Prim Care Diabetes 2021;15:191\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.02.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.02.001"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagi, VM, Giannini, C, Chiarelli, F. Insulin resistance in children. Front Endocrinol 2019;10:342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00342.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00342"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsten-Reck, U, Kromeyer-Hauschild, K, Korsten, K, Baumstark, MW, Dickhuth, HH, Berg, A. Frequency of secondary dyslipidemia in obese children. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008;4:1089\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/vhrm.s2928.","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S2928"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmaogullari, S, Tepe, D, Ucakturk, SA, Karaca, KF, Demirel, F. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in obese children and adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015;7:228\u201334.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.1867"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manios, Y, Karatzi, K, Protogerou, AD, Moschonis, G, Tsirimiagou, C, Androutsos, O, et al.. Prevalence of childhood hypertension and hypertension phenotypes by weight status and waist circumference: the Healthy Growth Study. Eur J Nutr 2018;57:1147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-017-1398-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1398-y"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorof, JM, Lai, D, Turner, J, Poffenbarger, T, Portman, RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004;113:475\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.113.3.475.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.475"},{"key":"2023033123535393049_j_jpem-2021-0271_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, L, Oepen, J, Reinehr, T, Wabitsch, M, Claussnitzer, G, Waldeck, E, et al.. APV Study Group; German Competence Network Adipositas. Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factors: evaluation of 40,921 normal-weight, overweight or obese children and adolescents living in Central Europe. Int J Obes 2015;39:45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2014.167.","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.167"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2021-0271\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2021-0271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T13:17:32Z","timestamp":1680355052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2021-0271\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpem-2021-0271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2021-0271","relation":{},"ISSN":["0334-018X","2191-0251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"},{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]}}}