{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:41:55Z","timestamp":1778931715792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0093_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prolactin (PRL) stimulates the mammary glands development; however, it also inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. We evaluated the relationship between PRL levels and puberty in girls with precocious breast development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0093_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study included 244 girls with breast development &lt; 8 years of age. Patients were categorized as central precocious puberty (CPP) [peak luteinizing hormone (LH) levels\u00a0\u2265 5 IU\/L after GnRH stimulation] versus non-CPP (NPP) group. High PRL was defined as serum PRL &gt; 17.9\u00a0ng\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0093_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High PRL was more common in NPP than in CPP group (17.6 vs. 8.1%, p=0.025), although mean PRL levels did not differ. In NPP group, the high PRL group had lower peak LH\/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, and later LH peak time after GnRH stimulation than normal PRL group (all p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). PRL levels of the subgroups according to the peak LH time (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90\u00a0min after GnRH stimulation) were different in NPP group, but not in CPP group. PRL levels tended to be higher as the peak LH time was delayed. High PRL was associated with decreased odds for CPP (OR=0.42, p=0.043).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0093_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Girls with NPP showed higher proportion of high PRL than CPP group. High PRL group showed more features of prepubertal response in NPP group, and associated with decreased odds for CPP, suggesting the possibility of PRL role on breast development while suppressing hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis activation in NPP girls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T06:52:36Z","timestamp":1660027956000},"page":"1177-1182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship between prolactin level and puberty in girls with early breast development"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2847-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Children\u2019s Hospital , Seoul , Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7077-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center , Seoul , Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carel, JC, L\u00e9ger, J. Precocious puberty. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2366\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmcp0800459.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0800459"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheuiche, AV, da Silveira, LG, de Paula, LCP, Lucena, IRS, Silveiro, SP. Diagnosis and management of precocious sexual maturation: an updated review. Eur J Pediatr 2021;180:3073\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04022-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04022-1"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grattan, DR. The hypothalamo-prolactin axis. J Endocrinol 2015;226:T101\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-15-0213.","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0213"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berryhill, GE, Trott, JF, Hovey, RC. Mammary gland development\u2014it\u2019s not just about estrogen. J Dairy Sci 2016;99:875\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2015-10105.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10105"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, JB, Soares, BS, Pedrosa, W, Vieira, ELM, Teixeira, AL, Christ-Crain, M, et al.. Copeptin response to hypoglycemic stress is linked to prolactin activation in children. Pituitary 2020;23:681\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-020-01076-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01076-6"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grayson, RH, Halperin, JM, Sharma, V, Schwartz, ST, Koda, VH, Newcorn, JH. Changes in plasma prolactin and catecholamine metabolite levels following acute needle stick in children. Psychiatr Res 1997;69:27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-1781(96)03048-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)03048-X"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balijepalli, C, Druyts, E, Zoratti, MJ, Wu, P, Kanji, S, Rabheru, K, et al.. Change in prolactin levels in pediatric patients given antipsychotics for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a network meta-analysis. Schizophr Res Treatment 2018;2018:1543034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/1543034.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1543034"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Druyts, E, Zoratti, MJ, Toor, K, Wu, P, Kanji, S, Rabheru, K, et al.. Prolactin-related adverse events and change in prolactin levels in pediatric patients given antipsychotics for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2016;16:181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-016-0710-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0710-y"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melmed, S, Casanueva, FF, Hoffman, AR, Kleinberg, DL, Montori, VM, Schlechte, JA, et al.. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:273\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-1692.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, AX, Burt, MG. Hyperprolactinaemia. Aust Prescr 2017;40:220\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18773\/austprescr.2017.060.","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2017.060"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eren, E, Yap\u0131c\u0131, \u015e, \u00c7ak\u0131r, ED, Ceylan, LA, Sa\u011flam, H, Tar\u0131m, \u00d6. Clinical course of hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents: a review of 21 cases. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011;3:65\u20139.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v3i2.14"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eren, E, T\u00f6rel Erg\u00fcr, A, \u0130\u015fg\u00fcven, \u015eP, \u00c7elebi Bitkin, E, Berbero\u011flu, M, \u015e\u0131klar, Z, et al.. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents: national survey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019;11:149\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0206.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0206"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, JH, Yun, S, Hwang, SS, Shim, JO, Chae, HW, Lee, YJ, et al.. The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects. Korean J Pediatr 2018;61:135\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/kjp.2018.61.5.135.","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2018.61.5.135"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abe, K, Matsuura, N, Nohara, Y, Fujita, H, Fujieda, K, Kato, T, et al.. Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in children with gynecomastia, premature thelarche and idiopathic precocious puberty. Tohoku J Exp Med 1984;142:283\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1620\/tjem.142.283.","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.142.283"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinci, A, Cetin, D, Ilhan, N. Plasma Kisspeptin levels in girls with premature thelarche. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2012;4:61\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.615.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.615"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page-Wilson, G, Smith, PC, Welt, CK. Prolactin suppresses GnRH but not TSH secretion. Horm Res 2006;65:31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000090377.","DOI":"10.1159\/000090377"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stawerska, R, Smyczy\u0144ska, J, Hilczer, M, Lewi\u0144ski, A. Does elevated morning prolactin concentration in children always mean the diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015;123:405\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1550018.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1550018"},{"key":"2023033121130455096_j_jpem-2022-0093_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Barrado, MJ, Blanco, EJ, Carretero Hern\u00e1ndez, M, Iglesias Osma, MC, Carretero, M, Herrero, JJ, et al.. Local transformations of androgens into estradiol by aromatase P450 is\u00a0involved in the regulation of prolactin and the proliferation of pituitary prolactin-positive cells. PLoS One 2014;9:e101403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0101403.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101403"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2022-0093\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2022-0093\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1680346297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2022-0093\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpem-2022-0093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2022-0093","relation":{},"ISSN":["0334-018X","2191-0251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"},{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}