{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:09:46Z","timestamp":1787022586058,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005977","name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California Community Health Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0160_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrine disorder presenting as early as adolescence. Recent data suggest that Asians may be at increased risk. This study examines PCOS prevalence by race\/ethnicity in a large, diverse population of adolescent females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0160_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 244,642 females (ages 13\u201317) with well-child visits during 2012\u20132018 in a Northern California healthcare system. Race\/ethnicity and Asian ethnicity were classified using self-reported data. Body mass index was classified as healthy, overweight, and moderate\/severe obesity. PCOS was determined by clinical diagnosis within one year of the visit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0160_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall prevalence of PCOS was 0.7% and increased substantially with weight. Among those with obesity, PCOS prevalence was 4.2, 2.9, 2.4, 2.1% in Asian\/Pacific Islander (PI), Hispanic\/Latina, Non-Hispanic White, Black adolescents and 7.8, 6.7, 5.7, 3.4% in South Asian, Chinese, Filipina, Native Hawaiian\/PI adolescents, respectively. Compared to White adolescents, Asian\/PIs had two-fold higher risk of PCOS, and Hispanic\/Latinas had 1.3-fold higher risk. Compared to Chinese adolescents, South Asians had 1.7-fold higher risk, while Native Hawaiian\/PIs had half the risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0160_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased burden of diagnosed PCOS in Asian\/PI and Hispanic\/Latina adolescents, especially those with obesity, calls for further examination and clinical surveillance of at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T03:34:59Z","timestamp":1653104099000},"page":"821-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ethnic diversity and burden of polycystic ovary syndrome among US adolescent females"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Khil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center , Oakland , CA , USA"},{"name":"Graduate Medical Education , Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center , Oakland , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne A.","family":"Darbinian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research , Kaiser Permanente Northern California , Oakland , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albany Medical College , Albany , NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise C.","family":"Greenspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Permanente Medical Group , Oakland , CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmala D.","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Medical Education , Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center , Oakland , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan C.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Medical Education , Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center , Oakland , CA , USA"},{"name":"Division of Research , Kaiser Permanente Northern California , Oakland , CA , USA"},{"name":"The Permanente Medical Group , Oakland , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witchel, SF, Burghard, AC, Tao, RH, Oberfield, SE. The diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in adolescents: an update. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019;31:562\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000778.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000778"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akgul, S, Duzceker, Y, Kanbur, N, Derman, O. Do different diagnostic criteria impact polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis for adolescents? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2018;31:258\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.12.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.12.002"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen, SB, Black, MH, Smith, N, Martinez, MM, Jacobsen, SJ, Porter, AH, et al.. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Fertil Steril 2013;100:470\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.04.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.04.001"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, JC, Feigenbaum, SL, Yang, J, Pressman, AR, Selby, JV, Go, AS. Epidemiology and adverse cardiovascular risk profile of diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:1357\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-2430.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2430"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, L, Gordon, NP, Chandra, M, Dayo, O, Lo, JC. The risks of polycystic ovary syndrome and diabetes vary by ethnic subgroup among young Asian women. 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Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014;18:317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.131162.","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.131162"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nidhi, R, Padmalatha, V, Nagarathna, R, Amritanshu, R. Prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011;24:223\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.03.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.03.002"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, J, Liu, Y, Xu, L, Liu, X, Zhou, L, Tang, L, et al.. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in female residents of Chengdu, China. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2014;77:217\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000358485.","DOI":"10.1159\/000358485"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudesia, R, Illions, EH, Lieman, HJ. Elevated prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiometabolic disease in South Asian infertility patients. J Immigr Minority Health 2017;19:1338\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-016-0454-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0454-7"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mani, H, Davies, MJ, Bodicoat, DH, Levy, MJ, Gray, LJ, Howlett, TA, et al.. Clinical characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome: investigating differences in White and South Asian women. Clin Endocrinol 2015;83:542\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.12784.","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12784"},{"key":"2023033122444475961_j_jpem-2022-0160_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z, Yong, EL. Ethnic differences: is there an Asian phenotype for polycystic ovarian syndrome? 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