{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:54:28Z","timestamp":1789448068722,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0309_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>\n                     <jats:bold>Objectives<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thyroid storm (TS) is an uncommon but severe manifestation of hyperthyroidism and an endocrine emergency, as it is fatal if it goes unrecognized. In pediatrics, the current literature is limited to case reports and case series. Current knowledge is extrapolated from adult data. This systematic review aims to present the epidemiology, most common etiologies, clinical presentation, and most accepted standard of care of TS in children. We aim to raise awareness of hyperthyroidism in the pediatric community.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0309_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>\n                     <jats:bold>Content<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The databases used were PubMed, google scholar, and LILACS, with the search terms \u201cthyroid storm\u201d AND \u201cpediatrics\u201d. Studies included case reports and case series in English and Spanish from patients between the ages of 0\u201321\u00a0years with clinical features consistent with a\u00a0diagnosis of TS based on ATA 2016, with or without reported scale scores, published between 2000 and 2022. Variables such as ethnicity, etiology, possible triggers, clinical features, and management components were analyzed and presented.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0309_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>\n                     <jats:bold>Summary<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from 45 patients. Their mean age was 11.25\u00a0years. The majority of them were from Asia (26%). The most common clinical features were sinus tachycardia (86.7%) and fever (64%), followed by altered mental status (46%) and diarrhea (31%). Graves\u2019 disease was the most common underlying condition, and infection the most common precipitant. Thirty one percent of\u00a0patients received treatment with four components; however morbidity and mortality were not clinically significant with those who did not. TS has a heterogeneous presentation with multisystemic involvement. The most common symptoms in this review were fever, tachycardia, diarrhea, and altered mental status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0309_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Further studies may be needed to best standardize the diagnosis and management of TS in children. Qualitative studies are needed to best assess the delay in diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and how this may impact prognosis in case patients were to develop TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T20:35:33Z","timestamp":1667334933000},"page":"225-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thyroid storm in pediatrics: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Aguilar","family":"Abisad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics , Nicklaus Children's Hospital , Miami , FL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Maria","family":"Glenn Lecea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics , Nicklaus Children's Hospital , Miami , FL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Montano","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics , Nicklaus Children's Hospital , Miami , FL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology , Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital , Miami , FL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pagan-Banchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology , Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital , Miami , FL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033123251291823_j_jpem-2022-0309_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akamizu, T, Satoh, T, Isozaki, O, Suzuki, A, Wakino, S, Iburi, T, et al.. 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