{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:35:10Z","timestamp":1770816910565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0379_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to report our 10-year experience of treating short children born small for gestational age (SGA) by comparing the long-term growth, metabolic safety, and cost-effectiveness of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in short children born SGA with those in rhGH-treated children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and Turner syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0379_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a 10-year retrospective cohort study at King Saud University Medical City. We included children aged 3\u201316\u00a0years who received rhGH for GHD, SGA, or Turner syndrome for &gt;1\u00a0year.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0379_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 166 children received rhGH therapy for GHD, 58 for SGA, and 16 for Turner syndrome. During the last study visit, the average height change was 21\u00a0cm for GHD children and 14\u00a0cm for children born SGA (p-value &lt;0.001). The height SDS change was 0.84 for\u00a0GHD children and 0.55 for SGA children (p-value=0.004). The average cost-effectiveness ratios for treating GHD and SGA children were USD 1,717.22 and USD 1,157.19 per centimeter gained, respectively. Moreover, the mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for GHD vs. SGA patients was USD 2,820.39 per centimeter gained. Dysglycemia developed in 70 patients: 43 (36.44%), 22 (40.74%), and 5 (13%) in the GHD, SGA, and Turner syndrome groups, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2022-0379_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>rhGH is effective in height improvement of short children. However, pursuing rhGH treatment for children born SGA requires a shared decision-making approach to balance the modest benefit of final adult height gain with the long-term metabolic effects, considering the acceptable costs on the Saudi healthcare system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T04:38:30Z","timestamp":1665117510000},"page":"1357-1368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The long-term growth, cost-effectiveness, and glycemic effects of growth hormone therapy on children born small for gestational age over 10\u00a0years: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-3528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reem Abdullah","family":"Al Khalifah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Alhakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pediatric Division, Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yazed","family":"AlRuthia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadeel Zohair","family":"Al Sarraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Department of Pediatrics , Ad Diriyah Hospital, Riyadh Third Health Cluster , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jumana","family":"Abulqasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameinah","family":"Al-Rasheedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences , Qassim University , Unaizah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"NurHussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Naji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040100342181447_j_jpem-2022-0379_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hokken-Koelega, AC, De Ridder, MA, Lemmen, RJ, Hartog, HD, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM, Drop, SL. 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