{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:47:55Z","timestamp":1776124075395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0243_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are emerging treatment options for children with brain tumors, who are already at risk for developing endocrinopathies due to tumor location and treatment. Endocrine ICI-related adverse effects (irAEs) are common in adults but poorly characterized in the pediatric population. The aims of this study were to determine in pediatric brain tumor patients in a single institution (1) if endocrine surveillance took place before and after ICIs were initiated, and (2) the occurrence of endocrine irAEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0243_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective chart review of 22 pediatric brain tumor patients treated with ICIs at Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles between 2010 and 2022. We analyzed endocrine laboratory results, patient demographics, and treatment course.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0243_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most patients (82\u202f%) received surveillance in at least one endocrine system before ICI treatment\u00a0\u2013 all had thyroid function tested (100\u202f%) whereas non-thyroid endocrine functions were seldomly assessed (6\u201322\u202f%). Only those patients with surveillance prior to treatment had ongoing surveillance after ICI initiation\u00a0\u2013 100\u202f% for thyroid function and 17\u201339\u202f% for other endocrine systems. Hypothyroidism was the only endocrine problem diagnosed after ICI initiation, in two patients (9\u202f%). Of note, most patients (68\u202f%) expired during or shortly after ICI treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0243_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is one of the first institutional surveys of pediatric ICIs in a high-volume pediatric brain tumor center. Thyroid surveillance commonly occurred in pediatric patients, revealing diagnoses of hypothyroidism, which is consistent with adult data. However, little information is available for non-thyroid endocrine conditions, reflecting the need for comprehensive and systematic endocrine surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2024-0243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T05:33:07Z","timestamp":1734327187000},"page":"58-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitors and endocrinopathies in pediatric brain tumor patients"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Carly R.","family":"Westermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University , North Haven , CT , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom B.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Blood Disease Institute and Division of Hematology and Oncology , Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaaren","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Blood Disease Institute and Division of Hematology and Oncology , Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley S.","family":"Margol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Blood Disease Institute and Division of Hematology and Oncology , Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism , Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, MA, Reaman, GH. Remaining challenges in childhood cancer and newer targeted therapeutics. Pediatr Clin 2015;62:301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.018"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_002","unstructured":"Curtin, SC, Mini\u00f1o, AM, Anderson, RN. Declines in cancer death rates among children and adolescents in the United States; 1999. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/[Accessed 3 May 2022]."},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldape, K, Brindle, KM, Chesler, L, Chopra, R, Gajjar, A, Gilbert, MR, et al.. Challenges to curing primary brain tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019:509\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-019-0177-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0177-5"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, SS, Bandopadhayay, P, Jenkins, MR. Towards immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Trends Immunol 2019;40:748\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2019.05.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.05.009"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plant-Fox, AS, O\u2019Halloran, K, Goldman, S. Pediatric brain tumors: the era of molecular diagnostics, targeted and immune-based therapeutics, and a focus on long term neurologic sequelae. Curr Probl Cancer 2021;45:100777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2021.100777.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2021.100777"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargadon, KM, Johnson, CE, Williams, CJ. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: an overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. Int Immunopharm 2018;62:29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.06.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.06.001"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolchok, JD, Saenger, Y. The mechanism of anti-CTLA-4 activity and the negative regulation of T-cell activation. Oncol 2008;13:2\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.13-s4-2.","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.13-S4-2"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahmer, J, Reckamp, KL, Baas, P, Crin\u00f2, L, Eberhardt, WE, Poddubskaya, E, et al.. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non\u2013small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2015;373:123\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1504627.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504627"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saerens, M, Brusselaers, N, Rottey, S, Decruyenaere, A, Creytens, D, Lapeire, L. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2021;152:165\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.04.034.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.04.034"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, C, Schachter, J, Long, Gv., Arance, A, Grob, JJ, Mortier, L, et al.. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2521\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1503093.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503093"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlino, MS, Larkin, J, Long, Gv. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. Lancet 2021;398:1002\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01206-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01206-X"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haslam, A, Gill, J, Prasad, V. Estimation of the percentage of US patients with cancer who are eligible for immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e200423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0423.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0423"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, JJ, Powers, AC, Johnson, DB. Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021;17:389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-021-00484-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00484-3"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, LS, Barroso-Sousa, R, Tolaney, SM, Hodi, FS, Kaiser, UB, Min, L. Endocrine toxicity of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints. Endocr Rev 2019;40:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00006.","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00006"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero, J, Cordes, LM, Klubo\u2010Gwiezdzinska, J, Madan, RA, Nieman, LK, Gulley, JL. Endocrine\u2010related adverse events related to immune checkpoint inhibitors: proposed algorithms for management. Oncol 2020;25:290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0470.","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0470"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman, O, Elhalawani, H, Fouad, M. Risk of endocrine complications in cancer patients treated with immune check point inhibitors: a meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2016;12:413\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fon.15222.","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.15.222"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barroso-Sousa, R, Barry, WT, Garrido-Castro, AC, Hodi, FS, Min, L, Krop, IE, et al.. Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3064.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3064"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubino, R, Marini, A, Roviello, G, Presotto, EM, Desideri, I, Ciardetti, I, et al.. Endocrine-related adverse events in a large series of cancer patients treated with anti-PD1 therapy. Endocrine 2021;74:172\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-021-02750-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02750-w"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, BJ, Naidoo, J, Santomasso, BD, Lacchetti, C, Adkins, S, Anadkat, M, et al.. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:4073\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.21.01440.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, OF, Monzon, J. Diagnosis, monitoring, and management of adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Curr Oncol 2020;27:43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3747\/co.27.5111.","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.5111"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihara, K. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for pediatric cancers: a mini review of endocrine adverse events. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2019;28:59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1297\/cpe.28.59.","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.28.59"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta, A, Tsay, E, Federman, N, Lechner, MG, Su, MA. Polyendocrine autoimmunity and diabetic ketoacidosis following anti-PD-1 and interferon \u03b1. Pediatrics 2022;149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/PEDS.2021-053363. Epub ahead of print 1.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053363"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchant, MS, Wright, M, Baird, K, Wexler, LH, Rodriguez-Galindo, C, Bernstein, D, et al.. Phase 1 clinical trial of ipilimumab in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:1364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-15-0491.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0491"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samoa, RA, Lee, HS, Kil, SH, Roep, BO. Anti\u2013PD-1 therapy\u2013associated type 1 diabetes in a pediatric patient with relapsed classical hodgkin lymphoma. Diabetes Care 2020;43:2293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-0740.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0740"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shalitin, S. Endocrine-related adverse conditions in pediatric patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibition for malignancies. Horm Res Paediatr 2024:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000537969.","DOI":"10.1159\/000537969"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebbink, CA, Ringers, TP, Schouten-van Meeteren, AYN, van Iersel, L, Clement, SC, Boot, AM, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in infant and toddler childhood brain tumor survivors. Eur J Endocrinol 2021;185:597\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-21-0137.","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0137"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, X, Chen, L, Su, Z, Sullivan, RJ, Blum, SM, Qi, Z, et al.. Toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic study. Int J Surg 2023;109:1753\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/js9.0000000000000368.","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000368"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardarli, I, Tan, S, Brandenburg, T, Weidemann, F, G\u00f6rges, R, Herrmann, K, et al. Risk and incidence of endocrine immune related adverse effects under checkpoint inhibitor mono or combination therapy in solid tumors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023:1132\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAD670. Epub ahead of print 15.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad670"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_029","unstructured":"Elshimy, G, Raj, R, Akturk, H, Schriber, A, Sisterna, N, Ahmad, I, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors related endocrine adverse events; 2022. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35129941\/[Accessed 13 January 2024]."},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darnell, EP, Mooradian, MJ, Baruch, EN, Yilmaz, M, Reynolds, KL. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs): diagnosis, management, and clinical pearls. Curr Oncol Rep;22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11912-020-0897-9. Epub ahead of print 1 April 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-0897-9"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spain, L, Diem, S, Larkin, J. Management of toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev 2016;44:51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.02.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.02.001"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez, E, Rodr\u00edguez-Abreu, D. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: review and management of endocrine adverse events. Oncol 2016;21:804\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0509.","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0509"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwama, S, Kobayashi, T, Yasuda, Y, Arima, H. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related thyroid dysfunction. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2022;36:101660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101660.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101660"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muir, CA, Clifton-Bligh, RJ, Long, Gv, Scolyer, RA, Lo, SN, Carlino, MS, et al.. Thyroid immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021;106:3704\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab263.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab263"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toi, Y, Sugawara, S, Sugisaka, J, Ono, H, Kawashima, Y, Aiba, T, et al.. Profiling preexisting antibodies in patients treated with anti\u2013PD-1 therapy for advanced non\u2013small cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5860.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5860"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X, Iwama, S, Kobayashi, T, Ando, M, Arima, H. Risk of thyroid dysfunction in PD-1 blockade is stratified by the pattern of TgAb and TPOAb positivity at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023:e1056\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad231. Epub ahead of print 21 April.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad231"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciel, J, Dias, D, Cavaco, D, Donato, S, Pereira, MC, Sim\u00f5es-Pereira, J. Growth hormone deficiency and other endocrinopathies after childhood brain tumors: results from a close follow-up in a cohort of 242 patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2021;44:2367\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-021-01541-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01541-4"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higham, CE, Olsson-Brown, A, Carroll, P, Cooksley, T, Larkin, J, Lorigan, P, et al.. Society for endocrinology endocrine emergency guidance: acute management of the endocrine complications of checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Endocr Connect 2018;7:G1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-18-0068.","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0068"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puzanov, I, Diab, A, Abdallah, K, Bingham, CO, Brogdon, C, Dadu, R, et al.. Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the society for immunotherapy of cancer (SITC) toxicity management working group. J Immunother Cancer 2017;5:95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelmachowska-Bana\u015b, M, Czajka-Oraniec, I. Management of endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: an updated review. Endocr Connect 2020;9:R207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-20-0342.","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0342"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X, Affinati, AH, Lee, Y, Turcu, AF, Henry, NL, Schiopu, E, et al.. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and risk of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022;45:1170\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2213.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2213"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Filette, JMK, Pen, JJ, Decoster, L, Vissers, T, Bravenboer, B, Van der Auwera, BJ, et al.. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case report and systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol 2019;181:363\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-19-0291.","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0291"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderniet, JA, Jenkins, AJ, Donaghue, KC. Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022;24:1455\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-022-01762-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01762-w"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burahmah, J, Zheng, D, Leslie, RD. Adult-onset type 1 diabetes: a changing perspective. Eur J Intern Med 2022;104:7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.06.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.06.003"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, JA, Valdes, AM, Varney, MD, Carlson, JA, Moonsamy, P, Fear, AL, et al.. HLA class I and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2010;59:2972\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db10-0699.","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0699"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, MH, Iyengar, R, Mizokami-Stout, K, Yentz, S, MacEachern, MP, Shen, LY, et al.. Spectrum of immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced endocrinopathies in cancer patients: a scoping review of case reports. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol;5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40842-018-0073-4. Epub ahead of print December 2019.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-018-0073-4"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, K, Wang, Z, Zhang, Q, Zhang, X. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and adrenal insufficiency: a large-sample case series study. Ann Transl Med 2022;10:251\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm-21-7006.","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-7006"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emens, LA, Adams, S, Cimino-Mathews, A, Disis, ML, Gatti-Mays, ME, Ho, AY, et al.. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021;9:e002597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-002597.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002597"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoja, L, Day, D, Wei-Wu Chen, T, Siu, L, Hansen, A. Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 2017;28:2377\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286.","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_050","unstructured":"Mostoufi-Moab, S, Grimberg, A. Pediatric brain tumor treatment: growth consequences and their management. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2010;8:6."},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clement, SC, Schouten-Van Meeteren, AYN, Boot, AM, Claahsen-van der Grinten, HL, Granzen, B, Sen Han, K, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors of early endocrine disorders in childhood brain tumor survivors: a nationwide, multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:4362\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.5025.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.5025"},{"key":"2026040713444201165_j_jpem-2024-0243_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, IR, Cheung, CC. Early and late endocrine effects in pediatric central nervous system diseases. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2014;7:281\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/prm-140299.","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-140299"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2024-0243\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2024-0243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:45:01Z","timestamp":1775569501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2024-0243\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpem-2024-0243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2024-0243","relation":{},"ISSN":["0334-018X","2191-0251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"},{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}