{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:34:23Z","timestamp":1793295263699,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0463_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subsequent to early life feeding issues, children with Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS) develop hyperphagia and severe obesity. Growth hormone (GH) therapy has been approved in PWS to improve growth, body composition, and BMI. We aimed to clarify the role of age at GH therapy onset on growth and BMI trajectories in children with PWS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0463_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed height and BMI in 114 patients (58 boys) from REPAR\u00a0\u2013 Czech national GH registry. From them, 69 started GH therapy prior to 2 y\/o (age 0.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4 years; mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD; early-onset group [EO]), and 45 later (age 7.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.1 years; late-onset group [LO]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0463_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Height-SDS before therapy was similar in all (EO:\u00a0\u22121.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2 [mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD]; LO:\u00a0\u22121.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1). After the first year of GH therapy, height-SDS in the EO group increased to\u00a0\u22121.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2, in the LO group to\u00a0\u22120.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1. After 5 years, height fully normalized in all (\u22120.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1 SDS). The LO children were already obese at treatment initiation (BMI-SDS: 2.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2), and their BMI-SDS decreased after 1 year of GH therapy by 0.9 (p=0.003). The weight in EO children was below average before GH treatment (BMI-SDS:\u00a0\u22120.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2) and their BMI-SDS increased to the overweight range of 1.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2 (p&lt;0.001) within the oncoming 3 years. Albeit BMI-SDS was around the obesity limit in most children after 5 years on GH therapy, the highest lifetime BMI-SDS was lower in EO (2.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6) than in LO (3.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2024-0463_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GH treatment in PWS normalizes body height. After 5 years of GH therapy, BMI-SDS in EO and LO groups are similar; however, the EO group is exposed to lower maximal BMI-SDS values.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2024-0463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T08:32:45Z","timestamp":1741854765000},"page":"525-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Early-onset growth hormone treatment in Prader\u2013Willi syndrome attenuates transition to severe obesity"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9281-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Kodytkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenali Anne","family":"Amaratunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"El-Lababidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 3rd Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and University Hospital Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Vinohrady , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-8111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u010cerm\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3212-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"\u010cern\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava and University Hospital , Ostrava , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Dvo\u0159\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University and University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5246-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017eena","family":"Kalvachov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1352-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislava","family":"Kolou\u0161kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8998-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Kotvalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and University Hospital , Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2986-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Magnov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University and University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-9113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and University Hospital , Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1985-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Novotn\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University and University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5126-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Obermannov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Pomaha\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and University Hospital , Plze\u0148 , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8019-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nka","family":"Pr\u016fhov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5586-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Strnadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava and University Hospital , Ostrava , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5032-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"\u0160kvor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Masaryk Hospital , \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4111-1270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"\u0160najderov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zden\u011bk","family":"\u0160umn\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2333-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jirina","family":"Zapletalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Palacky University and Olomouc University Hospital , Olomouc , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2044-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Zemkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3014-0416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Kusalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Analyzes, s.r.o. , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1290-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"\u0160ilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Analyzes, s.r.o. , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Lebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , 48359 Charles University and Motol University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, MA, Butler, MG, Cataletto, ME. Prader-Willi syndrome: a review of clinical, genetic, and endocrine findings. J Endocrinol Investig 2015;38:1249\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-015-0312-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0312-9"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzardo, AM, Weisensel, N, Ayala, S, Hossain, W, Butler, MG. Prader-Willi syndrome genetic subtypes and clinical neuropsychiatric diagnoses in residential care adults. Clin Genet 2018;93:622\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cge.13142.","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13142"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy, SB, Schwartz, S, Miller, JL, Driscoll, DJ. Prader-Willi syndrome. Genet Med 2012;14:10\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/gim.0b013e31822bead0.","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.0b013e31822bead0"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranke, MB, Wit, JM. Growth hormone\u00a0\u2013 past, present and future. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018;14:285\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2018.22.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.22"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burman, P, Ritz\u00e9n, EM, Lindgren, AC. Endocrine dysfunction in Prader-Willi syndrome: a review with special reference to GH. Endocr Rev 2001;22:787\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv.22.6.0447.","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.6.0447"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deal, CL, Tony, M, H\u00f6ybye, C, Allen, DB, Tauber, M, Christiansen, JS. Growth hormone research society workshop summary: consensus guidelines for recombinant human growth hormone therapy in prader-willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E1072\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-3888.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3888"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeda, A, Cooper, K, Bird, A, Baxter, L, Frampton, G, Gospodarevskaya, E, et al.. Recombinant human growth hormone for the treatment of growth disorders in children: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2010;14:1\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta14420.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14420"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, MA, Castr-Magana, M, Lamerson, M, Arguello, R, Accacha, S, Khan, A. Final adult height in children with prader\u2013willi syndrome with and without human growth hormone treatment. Am J Med Genet 2007;143A:1456\u201361.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31824"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindgren, AC, Lindberg, A. Growth hormone treatment completely normalizes adult height and improves body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome: experience from KIGS (Pfizer international growth database). Horm Res 2008;70:182\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000145019.","DOI":"10.1159\/000145019"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakker, NE, Lindberg, A, Heissler, J, Wollmann, HSCA, Camacho-H\u00fcbner, C, Hokken-Koelega, AC. Growth hormone treatment in children with prader-willi syndrome: three years of longitudinal data in prepubertal children and adult height data from the KIGS database. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:1702\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-2962.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2962"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Festen, DAM, De Lind Van Wijngaarden, R, Van Eekelen, M, Otten, BJ, Wit, JM, Duivenvoorden, HJ, et al.. Randomized controlled GH trial: effects on anthropometry, body composition and body proportions in a large group of children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2008;69:443\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03228.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03228.x"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donze, SH, Damen, L, Mahabier, EF, Hokken-Koelega, ACS. Cognitive functioning in children with Prader-Willi syndrome during 8 years of growth hormone treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 2020;182:405\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-19-0479.","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0479"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y, Zheng, Z, Yang, Y, Bai, X, Yang, H, Zhu, H, et al.. Effects of growth hormone on cognitive, motor, and behavioral development in Prader-Willi syndrome children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocrine 2021;71:321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02547-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02547-3"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecka-Ambroziak, A, Wysocka-Mincewicz, M, Dole\u017cal-O\u0142tarzewska, K, Zygmunt-G\u00f3rska, A, W\u0119drychowicz, A, \u017bak, T, et al.. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone treatment, depending on the therapy start in different nutritional phases in paediatric patients with prader\u2013willi syndrome: a polish multicentre study. J Clin Med 2021;10:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10143176.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143176"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y, Yang, LL, Dai, YL, Shen, Z, Zhou, Q, Zou, CC. Effects of early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in young Chinese children with Prader\u2013Willi syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023;18:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13023-023-02615-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02615-7"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corripio, R, Tubau, C, Calvo, L, Brun, C, Capdevila, N, Larramona, H, et al.. Safety and effectiveness of growth hormone therapy in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome younger than 2 years: a prospective study. 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Prague: Charles University; 2010."},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grootjen, LN, Trueba-Timmermans, DJ, Damen, L, Mahabier, EF, Kerkhof, GF, Hokken-Koelega, ACS. Long-term growth hormone treatment of children with PWS: the earlier the start, the better the outcomes? J Clin Med 2022;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11092496.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092496"},{"key":"2025082013043677320_j_jpem-2024-0463_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfgram, PM, Carrel, AL, Allen, DB. Long-term effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. 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