{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:04:58Z","timestamp":1791669898028,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0061_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review and analyzed the medical literature on PubMed to assess any potential short-term and long-term benefits of pubertal induction in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0061_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified six articles from our research cumulatively reporting clinical data from 58 pediatric patients with DMD, of age between 12 and 17.7 years. All of them were on glucocorticoid therapy with variable duration and the longest follow-up of 11.7 years. In all patients, the induction protocol was successful (leading to appearance of secondary sexual characteristics); no secondary effects were reported by any analyzed studies. Three papers reported an objective improvement of patients\u2019 quality of life, while in four there was a benefit on the bone profile.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0061_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DMD is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 5,000 live-born male children. Because of early and chronic exposure to glucocorticoids, used as standards of care, pubertal development may be variable. While some boys experience a normal pubertal growth spurt, others have testosterone levels below the normal range for age and require pubertal induction therapy to achieve an adequate testicular volume, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and peak bone mass. When and how to use pubertal induction therapy in pediatric patients with DMD is still object of controversy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0061_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The reported evidence of testosterone therapy in patients with DMD is still limited to small cohort sizes, which suggest efficacy and psychosocial benefits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2025-0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:58:04Z","timestamp":1741726684000},"page":"781-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pubertal induction therapy in pediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3711-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Sodero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Perrino Hospital , Brindisi , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clelia","family":"Cipolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Rigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Arzilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio Maria","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology , Catholic University , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, D, Goemans, N, Takeda, S, Mercuri, E, Aartsma-Rus, A. Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021;7:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C, Shen, L, Zhang, Z, Xie, X. Therapeutic strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an update. Genes 2020;11:837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11080837.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11080837"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercuri, E, Pane, M, Cicala, G, Brogna, C, Ciafaloni, E. Detecting early signs in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: comprehensive review and diagnostic implications. Front Pediatr 2023;11:1276144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1276144.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1276144"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birnkrant, DJ, Bushby, K, Bann, CM, Apkon, SD, Blackwell, A, Brumbaugh, D, et al.. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:251\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30024-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30024-3"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricotti, V, Selby, V, Ridout, D, Domingos, J, Decostre, V, Mayhew, A, et al.. Respiratory and upper limb function as outcome measures in ambulant and non-ambulant subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a prospective multicentre study. Neuromuscul Disord 2019;29:261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.02.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.02.002"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esquivel-Zuniga, R, Rogol, AD. Functional hypogonadism in adolescence: an overlooked cause of secondary hypogonadism. 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Minerva Pediatr 2023;75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S2724-5276.22.07074-4.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.22.07074-4"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera, N, Sampaio, H, Woodhead, H, Farrar, M. Fracture in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: natural history and vitamin D deficiency. J Child Neurol 2016;31:1181\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073816650034.","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816650034"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaw, J, Billich, N, Carroll, K, Adams, J, Ryan, MM, Yiu, EM, et al.. Fracture risk and impact in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a retrospective cohort study. Muscle Nerve 2023;67:489\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27762.","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27762"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanraj, S, Prasad, HK. Delayed puberty. 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Nat Rev Neurol 2019;15:373\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0203-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0203-3"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sodero, G, Agresti, P, Triarico, S, Romano, A, Mastrangelo, S, Attin\u00e0, G, et al.. Growth hormone replacement therapy in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022;74:340\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S2724-5276.22.06799-4.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.22.06799-4"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sodero, G, Cipolla, C, Pane, LC, Sessa, L, Malavolta, E, Arzilli, F, et al.. Efficacy and safety of growth hormone therapy in children with Noonan syndrome. Growth Horm IGF Res 2023;69:101532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2023.101532.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2023.101532"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, CL, Hollingsworth, KG, Bokaie, E, Hughes, E, Muni-Lofra, R, Mayhew, A, et al.. Is ongoing testosterone required after pubertal induction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Endocr Connect 2023;12:e230245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-23-0245.","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0245"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loscalzo, E, See, J, Bharill, S, Yousefzadeh, N, Gough, E, Wu, M, et al.. Growth hormone and testosterone delay vertebral fractures in boys with muscular dystrophy on chronic glucocorticoids. 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New and consolidated therapeutic options for pubertal induction in hypogonadism: in-depth review of the literature. Endocr Rev 2022;43:824\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnab043.","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab043"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alenazi, MS, Alqahtani, AM, Ahmad, MM, Almalki, EM, AlMutair, A, Almalki, M. Puberty induction in adolescent males: current practice. Cureus 2022;14:e23864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.23864.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23864"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, EJ, Rogol, AD. Male pubertal development and the role of androgen therapy. 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Biomedicines 2023;11:1678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11061678.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061678"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luther, PM, Spillers, NJ, Talbot, NC, Sinnathamby, ES, Ellison, D, Kelkar, RA, et al.. Testosterone replacement therapy: clinical considerations. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2024.2306832.","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2306832"},{"key":"2025080412565951584_j_jpem-2025-0061_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linhares, BL, Miranda, EP, Cintra, AR, Reges, R, Torres, LO. Use, misuse and abuse of testosterone and other androgens. 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