{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:50:39Z","timestamp":1793573439235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19\/0005994 and 21\/0006335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/0005994 and 21\/0006335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant to Dr Robert Semple, Honorary Consultant End"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant to Dr Robert Semple, Honorary Consultant End"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant to Professors Andrew Hattersley and Sian Ell"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant to Professors Andrew Hattersley and Sian Ell"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0316_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monogenic diabetes (MD) is a group of diabetes subtypes caused by defects in single genes. We report phenotypes and genotypes of MD among Sudanese children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0316_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Referred patients (from birth to 18\u00a0years of age) with diabetes and a clinical diagnosis of MD to Gaafar Ibnauf Pediatric Tertiary Hospital or the Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center between January 2006 and April 2023 were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on onset of diabetes before six months of age (Group 1, or neonatal diabetes mellitus) or after (Group 2, or non-neonatal diabetes mellitus). Genetic testing was performed for 87 patients at the Exeter Genomics laboratory and for one patient at the University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories,\u00a0UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0316_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 88 patients, 50 were from Group 1 and 38 from Group 2. We reported consanguinity in 63.6\u202f% of the cohort and identified disease-causing variants for 18 genes in 43.2\u202f% (Group 1) and 37.5\u202f% (Group 2) of patients from the total cohort. The commonest causes in Group 1 and Group 2 were pathogenic variants in the\n                      <jats:italic>EIF2AK3<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>WFS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, respectively. Pathogenic variants in recently reported novel genes\n                      <jats:italic>ZNF808<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NARS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>FICD<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected in 8.5\u202f%, 4.2%, and 1.4\u202f% of patients, respectively. Patients with a disrupted WFS1 gene were found to have deafness (92.8\u202f%) and optic atrophy (64\u202f%). While skeletal deformities and liver disease were both seen in 28.6\u202f% of patients with pathogenic variants in the\n                      <jats:italic>ElF2AK3<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Hepatomegaly and hypophosphatemic rickets were uniformly seen in patients with pathogenic variants in the\n                      <jats:italic>SLC2A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Generalized subcutaneous tissue loss and acanthosis nigricans were main features in\n                      <jats:italic>AGPAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>INSR<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0316_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Characterization of MD in Sudan showed a predominance of syndromic forms. Genetic studies conducted on consanguineous populations may raise higher probabilities in identifying rare\u00a0genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2025-0316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T13:57:06Z","timestamp":1763906226000},"page":"65-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of monogenic diabetes among Sudanese children: a multi-center experience from a population with high consanguinity"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9741-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samar S.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes , Gaafar Ibnauf Pediatric Tertiary Hospital , Khartoum , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes , Sudan Childhood Diabetes Centre , Khartoum , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salwa A.","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes , Gaafar Ibnauf Pediatric Tertiary Hospital , Khartoum , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes , Sudan Childhood Diabetes Centre , Khartoum , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine , AL-Neelain University , Khartoum , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1437-7891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"De Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebbeca","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheal","family":"Van Heugten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer O.","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Omdurman Islamic University , Khartoum , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0724-5950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areej A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrine , Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital , Madinah , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghassan F.","family":"MohamadSalih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Division of Endocrine , Sidra Hospital , Doha , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes , Gaafar Ibnauf Pediatric Tertiary Hospital , Khartoum , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0030-1110-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jouyriah A.","family":"Shatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes , Gaafar Ibnauf Pediatric Tertiary Hospital , Khartoum , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7784-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Al-Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department , Women and Children Hospital , Alahmadi Health District , Hadiya , Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9240-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashyap A.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7121-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes , Gaafar Ibnauf Pediatric Tertiary Hospital , Khartoum , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetes , Sudan Childhood Diabetes Centre , Khartoum , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010809595739916_j_jpem-2025-0316_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H, Colclough, K, Gloyn, AL, Pollin, TI. 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