{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T12:09:52Z","timestamp":1767874192377,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0326_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gynecomastia is common during adolescence, yet its relationship with body composition remains unclear. This study investigates differences in body composition, fat distribution, and hormonal profiles between adolescents with gynecomastia and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0326_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case\u2013control study included 70 adolescents diagnosed with gynecomastia and 67 healthy controls matched for age and Tanner stage. Anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and serum hormonal profiles were assessed. Body composition parameters, including fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), bone mass (BM), total body water (TBW), muscle-to-fat mass ratio (MFR), and basal metabolic rate (BMR), were measured using the Tanita MC-780 MA device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0326_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents with gynecomastia exhibited significantly higher trunk fat mass (trunk fat mass: 20.60\u00a0\u00b1 9.48\u202f% vs. 17.64\u00a0\u00b1 6.61\u202f%, p=0.0462) and hormonal alterations, including reduced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels (FSH: 2.7\u00a0\u00b1 1.4 vs. 3.5\u00a0\u00b1 2.0\u202fIU\/L, p=0.0164; fT4 12.4\u00a0\u00b1 1.9 vs. 13.1\u00a0\u00b1 2.5 p=0.0193).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0326_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the interplay between adiposity and endocrine changes in gynecomastia, warranting further exploration of underlying causative factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2025-0326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T06:28:16Z","timestamp":1762756096000},"page":"21-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioelectrical impedance analysis and hormonal assessment in adolescents with pubertal gynecomastia"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tar\u0131k","family":"K\u0131rkg\u00f6z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kayseri City Hospital , Kayseri , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serkan Bilge","family":"Koca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kayseri City Hospital , Kayseri , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordt, CA, DiVasta, AD. Gynecomastia in adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008;20:375\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mop.0b013e328306a07c.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328306a07c"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazala, C, Saenger, P. Pubertal gynecomastia. J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15:553\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem.2002.15.5.553.","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2002.15.5.553"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher, D, Andres, A, Fields, DA, Evans, WJ, Kuczmarski, R, Lowe, WLJr, et al.. Body composition measurements from birth through 5\u00a0years: challenges, gaps, and existing & emerging technologies-A national institutes of health workshop. Obes Rev 2020;21:e13033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13033.","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13033"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thajer, A, Truschner, K, Jorda, A, Skacel, G, Horsak, B, Greber-Platzer, S, et al.. A strength and neuromuscular exercise programme did not improve body composition, nutrition and psychological status in children with obesity. Acta Paediatr 2021;110:288\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.15498.","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15498"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi\u0119ch, P, Sa\u0142aci\u0144ska, I, Bazali\u0144ski, D, D\u0105browski, M. Body composition and phase angle as an indicator of nutritional status in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2018;16:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12969-018-0297-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-018-0297-y"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mafra, D, Guebre-Egziabher, F, Fouque, D. Body mass index, muscle and fat in chronic kidney disease: questions about survival. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2008;23:2461\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfn053.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn053"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brener, A, Peleg, I, Rosenfeld, T, Kern, S, Uretzky, A, Elkon-Tamir, E, et al.. Beyond body mass index\u00a0\u2013\u00a0body composition assessment by bioimpedance in routine endocrine practice. Endocr Pract. 2021 and https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.013., 27: 419-25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.013"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, LC. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition assessment: reflections on accuracy, clinical utility, and standardisation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019;73:194\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-018-0335-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0335-3"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koca, SB, K\u0131rkg\u00f6z, T, Kara, L. The diagnostic utility of bioelectrical impedance analysis in distinguishing precocious puberty from premature thelarche. J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2025;38:599\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2025-0028.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2025-0028"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brantlov, S, Ward, LC, J\u00f8dal, L, Rittig, S, Lange, A. Critical factors and their impact on bioelectrical impedance analysis in children: a review. J\u00a0Med Eng Technol 2017;41:22\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03091902.2016.1209590.","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2016.1209590"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brantlov, S, J\u00f8dal, L, Lange, A, Rittig, S, Ward, LC. Standardisation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for the estimation of body composition in healthy paediatric populations: a systematic review. J\u00a0Med Eng Technol 2017;41:460\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03091902.2017.1333165.","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2017.1333165"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisch, RE, McArthur, JW. Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 1974;185:949\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.185.4155.949.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4155.949"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W, Liu, Q, Deng, X, Chen, Y, Yang, B, Huang, X, et al.. Association of prepubertal obesity with pubertal development in Chinese girls and boys: a longitudinal study. Am J Hum Biol 2018;30:e23195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.23195.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23195"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, Q, Mao, Y, Luo, S, Zhang, S, Tu, X, Zuo, X, et al.. Puberty timing associated with obesity and central obesity in Chinese Han girls. BMC Pediatr 2019;19:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-018-1376-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1376-4"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adami, F, Benedet, J, Takahashi, LAR, da Silva Lopes, A, da Silva Paiva, L, de Vasconcelos, FAG, et al.. Association between pubertal development stages and body adiposity in children and adolescents. Health Qual Life Outcome 2020;18:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-020-01342-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01342-y"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, RW, Grant, AM, Williams, SM, Goulding, A. Sex differences in regional body fat distribution from pre- to postpuberty. Obesity 2010;18:1410\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.399.","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.399"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Ridder, CM, Thijssen, JH, Bruning, PF, Van den Brande, JL, Zonderland, ML, Erich, WB, et al.. Body fat mass, body fat distribution, and pubertal development: a longitudinal study of physical and hormonal sexual maturation of girls. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:442\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.75.2.1639945.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.75.2.1639945"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y, Liang, J, Zeng, D, Tan, W, Yang, L, Lu, S, et al.. Association of body composition with pubertal timing in children and adolescents from guangzhou, China. Front Public Health 2022;10:943886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.943886.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.943886"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinehr, T, Kulle, A, Barth, A, Ackermann, J, Lass, N, Holterhus, PM, et al.. Sex hormone profile in pubertal boys with gynecomastia and pseudogynecomastia. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa044.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa044"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, DC, Schlaepfer, LV, Paunier, L, Sizonenko, PC. Hormonal changes during puberty: V. Transient pubertal gynecomastia: abnormal androgen-estrogen ratios. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:492\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-58-3-492.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-3-492"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koca, SB, Kirkgoz, T, Kara, L. Body composition assessment measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis in euthyroid children with newly\u00a0diagnosed hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024;38:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2024-0420.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2024-0420"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, GOC, Ferrari, G, Langer, RD, Cossio-Bola\u00f1os, M, Gomez-Campos, R, L\u00e1zari, E, et al.. Phase angle and its determinants among adolescents: influence of body composition and physical fitness level. Sci Rep 2024;14:13697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-62546-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62546-6"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaziani, M, Carlomagno, F, Tenuta, M, Sesti, F, Angelini, F, Bonaventura, I, et al.. Extra-gonadal and non-canonical effects of FSH in males. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023;16:813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16060813.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060813"},{"key":"2026010809595743102_j_jpem-2025-0326_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinberg, DL, Feldman, M, Ruan, W. IGF-I: an essential factor in terminal end bud formation and ductal morphogenesis. J\u00a0Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2000;5:7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a.1009507030633.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009507030633"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2025-0326\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2025-0326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:00:25Z","timestamp":1767866425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2025-0326\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpem-2025-0326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2025-0326","relation":{},"ISSN":["0334-018X","2191-0251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"},{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}