{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:58:57Z","timestamp":1792706337366,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0595_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite proven benefits of diabetes technologies in children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), utilization varies globally. In Hong Kong, continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) uptake was low (10.6\u202f%) in 2018; however reimbursement programs have been implemented since then to enhance accessibility. This study examined trends in diabetes technology adoption and glycemic outcomes from 2018 to 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0595_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Hong Kong Childhood Diabetes Registry prospectively collected standardized data on all children with diabetes at age\u00a0\u226418 years in public hospitals since 2018, and those with follow-up data between 2018 and 2023 were included. Regular CGMS use was defined as &gt;80\u202f% usage\/year. Outcomes included mean HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels, incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hypoglycemia. Clinical and psychosocial factors were compared between regular and non-regular CGMS users.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0595_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      significantly decreased from 8.3\u202f% in 2018 to 8.0\u202f% in 2023 (p&lt;0.05), with fewer children having HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      &gt;9\u202f% and a reduced rate of DKA. Regular CGMS use increased from 10.7 to 41.7\u202f%, with highest adoption among school-aged children and lowest among adolescents. Compared to non-regular users, regular CGMS users demonstrated better glycemic outcome (mean HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      7.6 vs. 8.2\u202f%, p&lt;0.05). There were no significant differences in rates of micro\/macrovascular complications or severe hypoglycemic events between the two groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2025-0595_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite improved glycemic outcomes and free access, CGMS adoption remained suboptimal in Hong Kong particularly among adolescents, indicating barriers beyond cost. Further research is needed to identify these barriers and develop targeted strategies to enhance technology use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2025-0595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T19:56:40Z","timestamp":1771358200000},"page":"251-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Suboptimal adoption of diabetes technology despite coverage and the impact on glycemic outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Wing-yiu","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Hong Kong Children\u2019s Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwong-tat","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty Wai-man","family":"But","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley Man-yee","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing-in","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pik-to","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing-shan","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk-yan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Prince of Wales Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-chung","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Prince of Wales Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Wai Yu","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Tuen Mun Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lap Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Tuen Mun Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony Chun-cheung","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Princess Margaret Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine Yin-wah","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janez Heung-ching","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin-ting","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , United Christian Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla Wai-chee","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , United Christian Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuen-yu","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Kwong Wah Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoi-wing","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , Kwong Wah Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammy Wai-chun","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacky Ying-ki","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Caritas Medical Center , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-yin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Caritas Medical Center , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-kut","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Tseung Kwan O Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7897-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Yuet-ling","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Hong Kong Children\u2019s Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030907573184584_j_jpem-2025-0595_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nathan, DM, Cleary, PA, Backlund, JYC, Genuth, SM, Lachin, JM, Orchard, TJ, et al.. 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Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:1040\u201350.","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0804"},{"key":"2026030907573184584_j_jpem-2025-0595_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, K, Tampe, CA, Sol, K, Richardson, DB, Pereira, RI. Effect of CGM access expansion on uptake among patients on medicaid with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2023;46:391\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-1287.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1287"},{"key":"2026030907573184584_j_jpem-2025-0595_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanning, MS, Tanenbaum, ML, Wong, JJ, Hood, KK. Barriers to continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 1 diabetes: clinician perspectives. Diabetes Spectr 2020;33:324\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ds19-0039.","DOI":"10.2337\/ds19-0039"},{"key":"2026030907573184584_j_jpem-2025-0595_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prahalad, P, Ebekozien, O, Alonso, GT, Clements, M, Corathers, S, DeSalvo, D, et al.. Multi-clinic quality improvement initiative increases continuous glucose monitoring use among adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2021;39:264\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd21-0026.","DOI":"10.2337\/cd21-0026"},{"key":"2026030907573184584_j_jpem-2025-0595_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atac, O, Heier, KR, Moga, D, Fowlkes, J, Sohn, MW, Kruse-Diehr, AJ, et al.. Demographic variation in continuous glucose monitoring utilisation among patients with type 1 diabetes from a US Regional Academic Medical Centre: a Retrospective Cohort Study, 2018\u20132021. 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