{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:34:07Z","timestamp":1770910447077,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":262,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The long-term outcomes of antenatal glucocorticoids (GCs) vary between reports, and have generated controversy in terms of repeated and single-course events, causing irreversible effects on endocrine set points.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study aimed to assess the effects of alternative therapeutic agents other than synthetic glucocorticoid GC administration for fetal lung maturation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A review of literature from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted to assess the use of alternative therapies to synthetic GCs using recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA). End points included the rates of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), mRNA expression for pneumocyte type II, concentration of surfactant proteins in alveolar lavage, morphological differences, histological proof of lung maturation, and angiogenesis or quantification of the surfactant pool.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In all 41 studies examined, we found that ambroxol showed positive effects on lung maturation, but it has yet to be analyzed with sufficient significance in humans. Interleukins and TNF-alpha produce accelerated lung maturation, but have only been evaluated in basic research\/experimental studies. Growth factors promote structural and functional growth in all phases of lung maturation, but little is known about their reciprocal effects and exact mechanisms as therapeutics. Thyroid releasing hormone or vitamin A cause detrimental side effects or were less effective for lung maturation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The efficacy and safety of these alternative agents are differentiated and none up to now can be recommended as an alternative to GCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T11:55:15Z","timestamp":1416311715000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Avoiding the prenatal programming effects of glucocorticoids: are there alternative treatments for the induction of antenatal lung maturation?"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Georgia","family":"Justus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah Magdalena","family":"Sloboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Henrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Plagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim Wolfram","family":"Dudenhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref751","first-page":"71","article-title":"JG Secretion of mucus induced by ambroxol in the ferret trachea","author":"Kyle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref2801","first-page":"173","article-title":"Meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials of antenatal corticosteroid for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome discussion","author":"Sinclair","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2471","article-title":"Rekombinanter humaner Keratinozytenwachstumsfaktor als Alternative zu Glukokortikoiden : spezifische Effekte auf Surfactantstatus und Leberphospholipide in neugeborenen Ratten University T\u00fcbingen","author":"Ohler","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref1871","first-page":"000501","article-title":"A supplementation to prevent mortality and short - and long - term morbidity in very low birthweight infants CD","author":"Darlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vitamin Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref1121","first-page":"69","article-title":"Acceleration of fetal maturation with intra - amniotic thyroxine in the presence of maternal malignancy","author":"Romaguera","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref1521","first-page":"3","article-title":"Aberrant signaling pathways of the lung mesenchyme and their contributions to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Birth Defects Res Part","author":"Ahlfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Mol"},{"key":"ref2121","first-page":"12","article-title":"dosing interval or hours apart randomized noninferiority open trial","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1987.15.3.227","article-title":"An alternative to steroids for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome multicenter controlled study to compare ambroxol and betamethasone","volume":"15","author":"Luerti","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref2761","first-page":"167","article-title":"developmental programming and the risk of affective dysfunction","author":"Seckl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"333","article-title":"chorioamnionitis antenatal steroids perinatal outcomes","author":"Elimian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.068544","article-title":"AH Contribution of inflammation to lung injury and development Neonatal Ed","author":"Kallapur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal"},{"key":"ref1811","first-page":"99","article-title":"CA Australian collaborative trial of antenatal thyrotropin - releasing hormone : adverse effects at month follow - up ACTOBAT Study Group","volume":"12","author":"Crowther","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref401","first-page":"153","article-title":"The pharmacology of ambroxol and new results","author":"Disse","year":"1987","journal-title":"review Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref2051","first-page":"287","article-title":"Are weekly courses of antenatal steroids beneficial or dangerous author reply","volume":"8","author":"Jenkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA Am Med"},{"key":"ref2141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1770","article-title":"Persistent activation of an innate immune response translates respiratory viral infection into chronic lung disease","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1987.15.3.227","article-title":"An alternative to steroids for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome multicenter controlled study to compare ambroxol and betamethasone","volume":"15","author":"Luerti","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.02.002","article-title":"Growth restricting effects of a single course of antenatal betamethasone treatment and the role of human placental lactogen","volume":"15","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref2431","first-page":"185","article-title":"The interactive effects of endotoxin with prenatal glucocorticoids on short - term lung function in sheep","author":"Newnham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2861","article-title":"Current pharmacologic approaches for prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","author":"Tropea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"1","article-title":"interleukin accelerates surfactant protein synthesis in fetal rabbits and improves lung stability after premature birth","author":"Lappalainen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref1881","first-page":"53","article-title":"Sandman CA Prenatal treatment with glucocorticoids sensitizes the hpa axis response to stress among full - term infants","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"ref2731","first-page":"151","article-title":"Prenatal glucocorticoids long term programming","author":"Seckl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.3.3201","article-title":"OB Heu Bourbon Keratinocyte growth factor enhances maturation of fetal rat lung type II cells","volume":"20","author":"Chelly","year":"1999","journal-title":"AM Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2241","first-page":"281","article-title":"Altered canonical Wingless signaling in the ovine fetal lung after exposure to intra - amniotic lipopolysaccharide and antenatal betamethasone","author":"Kuypers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2000.tb01327.x","article-title":"Antenatal use of ambroxol for the prevention of infant respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Laoag","year":"2000","journal-title":"AM J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref2641","first-page":"190","article-title":"Ambroxol versus betamethasone for stimulating antepartal lung maturity - a multicenter study","author":"Salzer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geburtsh Perinatol"},{"key":"ref1661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.02.002","article-title":"Growth restricting effects of a single course of antenatal betamethasone treatment and the role of human placental lactogen","volume":"15","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref2221","first-page":"208","article-title":"Thrown off balance : the effect of antenatal inflammation on the developing lung and immune system","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref851","article-title":"in the st century pharmacological clinical update Expert","volume":"21","author":"Malerba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Toxicol"},{"key":"ref2391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.74","article-title":"fetal programming part mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Moisiadis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1921","first-page":"377","article-title":"Antenatal condition at birth and respiratory morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants","author":"Hagan","year":"1998","journal-title":"steroids Paediatr Health"},{"key":"ref2971","first-page":"207","article-title":"Should patients with documented fetal lung immaturity after weeks of gestation be treated with steroids","author":"Yinon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.46","article-title":"Antenatal inflammation and lung injury : prenatal origin of neonatal disease","volume":"28","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref2591","first-page":"004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth CD","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"156","article-title":"FF Antenatal ambroxol treatment does not prevent the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","author":"Dani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref2721","first-page":"1","article-title":"beta - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type a tissue - specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action","volume":"11","author":"Seckl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.12.005","article-title":"CM High - dose vascular endothelial growth factor increases surfactant protein gene expressions in preterm rat lung","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref1571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199811000-00005","article-title":"Plasma thyroid hormones in premature infants : effect of gestational age and antenatal thyrotropin - releasing hormone treatment TRH Collaborative Trial Participants","author":"Ballard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref2461","first-page":"517","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of Free","volume":"16","author":"Nowak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref2821","first-page":"181","article-title":"The effect of Ambroxol on bleomycin - induced changes in phospholipid composition of rat lung surfactant","author":"Stettner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"key":"ref1671","first-page":"006764","article-title":"FC CA Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth CD","author":"Brownfoot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref951","first-page":"724","article-title":"Limited response to CRH stimulation tests at two weeks of age in preterm infants born at less than weeks of gestational age","author":"Niwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.15.4.8879176","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor reduces lung damage due to acid instillation in rats","volume":"15","author":"Yano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-010-2833-9","article-title":"EM Prenatal administration of retinoic acid upregulates connective tissue growth factor in the nitrofen CDH model","volume":"27","author":"Ruttenstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"ref2111","article-title":"Allgemeine und Spezielle Pharmakologie","author":"Karow","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2311","article-title":"The Effect of Dexamethasone and Ambroxol on Weights of Rabbit Fetal Tissues and Organs and of the Body","author":"LU","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharm"},{"key":"ref2711","article-title":"beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase fetal programming","volume":"11","author":"Seckl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref1081","first-page":"889","article-title":"Pharmacological study on the bromhexine metabolite ambroxol author s transl Arzneimittel -","volume":"28","author":"Puschmann","year":"1978","journal-title":"Forschung"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"99","article-title":"CA Australian collaborative trial of antenatal thyrotropin - releasing hormone : adverse effects at month follow - up ACTOBAT Study Group","volume":"12","author":"Crowther","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1381","first-page":"283","article-title":"AD Retinoic acid attenuates induced inhibition of lung septation","author":"Veness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref1791","first-page":"1972","article-title":"PA Antenatal corticosteroid therapy : a meta - analysis of the randomized trials to","author":"Crowley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref941","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids revisited : repeat courses - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement","author":"August","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1821","first-page":"000019","article-title":"CA - releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease CD","author":"Crowther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1012","article-title":"DM Early - life glucocorticoid exposure : the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis placental function and long - term disease risk","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref2101","first-page":"730","article-title":"Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in conjunction with rescue therapy of human surfactant : a randomized placebo - controlled multicenter study","author":"Kari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref981","first-page":"140","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of human neutrophil histotoxicity by ambroxol : evidence for a multistep mechanism","author":"Ottonello","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effects of maternal retinoic acid administration on lung angiogenesis in oligohydramnios - exposed fetal rats","author":"Chen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21508","article-title":"comprehensive approach to the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","author":"Kugelman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2871","first-page":"008666","article-title":"den A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes CD","author":"van","year":"2010","journal-title":"AM Vitamin Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2531","first-page":"129","article-title":"Reduction of cytokine release of blood and bronchoalveolar mononuclear cells by ambroxol","author":"Pfeifer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref1911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1987.15.5.453","article-title":"to the antenatal glucocorticoid treatment for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Dudenhausen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alternatives J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref1941","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intra - amniotic interleukin alpha treatment alters postnatal adaptation in premature lambs","author":"Emerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref1051","first-page":"402","article-title":"Practice Committee Opinion No Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation","author":"ACOG","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"18","article-title":"A supplementation for extremely low birth weight infants : outcome at to months","author":"Ambalavanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitamin Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intra - amniotic interleukin alpha treatment alters postnatal adaptation in premature lambs","author":"Emerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref961","first-page":"517","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of Free","volume":"16","author":"Nowak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"ref1041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00565.x","article-title":"dos Prenatal administration of vitamin A alters pulmonary and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in the developing mouse","author":"Pinto Mde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref721","first-page":"208","article-title":"Thrown off balance : the effect of antenatal inflammation on the developing lung and immune system","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-010-2790-3","article-title":"NA Late administration of antenatal vitamin A promotes pulmonary structural maturation and improves ventilation in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"27","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"ref2351","article-title":"in the st century pharmacological clinical update Expert","volume":"21","author":"Malerba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Toxicol"},{"key":"ref701","first-page":"200","article-title":"Ladenburger Been Intravenous lipopolysaccharide - induced pulmonary maturation and structural changes in fetal sheep","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1401","first-page":"84","article-title":"The antenatal use of ambroxol ( bromhexine metabolite VIII ) to prevent hyaline membrane disease : a controlled double - blind study","author":"Wauer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Biol Res"},{"key":"ref2621","first-page":"69","article-title":"Acceleration of fetal maturation with intra - amniotic thyroxine in the presence of maternal malignancy","author":"Romaguera","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref1161","article-title":"The development of connective tissue and its role in pulmonary mechanics In editors Respiratory control and lung development in the fetus newborn New York","author":"Schellenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Perinatology"},{"key":"ref1471","first-page":"207","article-title":"Should patients with documented fetal lung immaturity after weeks of gestation be treated with steroids","author":"Yinon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.02.018","article-title":"Effect of VEGF on the branching morphogenesis of normal and nitrofen - induced hypoplastic fetal rat lung explants","author":"Shinkai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.46","article-title":"Antenatal inflammation and lung injury : prenatal origin of neonatal disease","volume":"28","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"287","article-title":"Are weekly courses of antenatal steroids beneficial or dangerous author reply","volume":"8","author":"Jenkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA Am Med"},{"key":"ref1601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1992.20.6.459","article-title":"The effect of thyroxine and corticosteroids upon amniotic fluid fluorescence polarization : a randomized controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Barkai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref1231","first-page":"151","article-title":"Prenatal glucocorticoids long term programming","author":"Seckl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1011","first-page":"193","article-title":"The interval between a single course of antenatal steroids and delivery and its association with neonatal outcomes","author":"Peaceman","year":"2005","journal-title":"AM Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"190","article-title":"Repeated antenatal corticosteroids : effects on cerebral palsy and childhood behavior","author":"French","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"1972","article-title":"PA Antenatal corticosteroid therapy : a meta - analysis of the randomized trials to","author":"Crowley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2361","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antenatal ambroxol administration for prevention of respiratopry distress syndrome in preterm infants : preliminary report","volume":"50","author":"Marinov","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref1761","first-page":"383","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of ambroxol on hypochlorous acid - induced tissue damage and respiratory burst of phagocytic cells","author":"Cho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref2151","first-page":"204","article-title":"Antenatal ambroxol usage in the prevention of infant respiratory distress syndrome Beneficial and adverse effects","volume":"22","author":"Kimya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1621","first-page":"218","article-title":"Been Histological chorioamnionitis and respiratory outcome in preterm infants Neonatal","volume":"25","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal"},{"key":"ref1651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1012","article-title":"DM Early - life glucocorticoid exposure : the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis placental function and long - term disease risk","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"006764","article-title":"FC CA Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth CD","author":"Brownfoot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1035766","article-title":"Induction of fetal lung maturation using ambroxol and betamethasone Results of an open multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Wolff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geburtsh Frauenheilk"},{"key":"ref2191","first-page":"291","article-title":"All - trans retinoic acid and intra - amniotic endotoxin - mediated effects on fetal sheep lung","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref581","first-page":"287","article-title":"AH changes after intra - amniotic endotoxin in preterm lamb lungs","author":"Kallapur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vascular Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref2791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.02.018","article-title":"Effect of VEGF on the branching morphogenesis of normal and nitrofen - induced hypoplastic fetal rat lung explants","author":"Shinkai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref731","first-page":"302","article-title":"Intra - amniotic LPS and antenatal betamethasone : inflammation and maturation in preterm lamb lungs","author":"Kuypers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref1891","first-page":"86","article-title":"Antenatal fetal VEGF therapy to promote pulmonary maturation in a preterm rabbit model","author":"Debeer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1987.15.5.453","article-title":"to the antenatal glucocorticoid treatment for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Dudenhausen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alternatives J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref1221","first-page":"1","article-title":"beta - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type a tissue - specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action","volume":"11","author":"Seckl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref571","first-page":"7","article-title":"AH maturation the survival miracle of very low birth weight infants","volume":"51","author":"Jobe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref1021","article-title":"hormone receptor repression is linked to type I pneumocyte - associated respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Leblanc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid Nat Med"},{"key":"ref2021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.210187","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia : a systematic and meta - analysis Neonatal","author":"Hartling","year":"2012","journal-title":"review Arch Dis Child Fetal"},{"key":"ref1771","first-page":"299","article-title":"in fetal sheep from intra - amniotic injection of Ureaplasma parvum","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.03.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids as mediators of developmental programming effects Met","volume":"26","author":"Khulan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pract Res Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref661","first-page":"9","article-title":"MV Million preterm births annually : what has changed this year","volume":"15","author":"Kinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref2091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.068544","article-title":"AH Contribution of inflammation to lung injury and development Neonatal Ed","author":"Kallapur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal"},{"key":"ref2291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.4.515","article-title":"controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","volume":"25","author":"Liggins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2081","first-page":"287","article-title":"AH changes after intra - amniotic endotoxin in preterm lamb lungs","author":"Kallapur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vascular Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref1331","first-page":"133","article-title":"Inhibition of inflammatory responses by ambroxol a mucolytic agent in a murine model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide Intensive Care","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1261","first-page":"167","article-title":"developmental programming and the risk of affective dysfunction","author":"Seckl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref1511","first-page":"345","article-title":"Australian collaborative trial of antenatal thyrotropin - releasing hormone for prevention of neonatal respiratory disease","author":"ACTOBAT","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref451","first-page":"267","article-title":"chorioamnionitis effects on premature delivery and neonatal prognosis","author":"Erdemir","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21508","article-title":"comprehensive approach to the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","author":"Kugelman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref1851","first-page":"365","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betamethasone year follow - up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Dalziel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref991","article-title":"a multifaceted molecule with additional therapeutic potentials in respiratory disorders of childhood Expert","volume":"14","author":"Paleari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug"},{"key":"ref2261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000194430","article-title":"compliance and alveolar expansion in the artificially ventilated premature newborn rabbit after maternal treatment with ambroxol","volume":"16","author":"Lachmann","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lung Respiration"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"86","article-title":"Antenatal fetal VEGF therapy to promote pulmonary maturation in a preterm rabbit model","author":"Debeer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref931","first-page":"185","article-title":"The interactive effects of endotoxin with prenatal glucocorticoids on short - term lung function in sheep","author":"Newnham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2771","first-page":"203","article-title":"von - specific modulation of surfactant proteins by ambroxol treatment","author":"Seifart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref1201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP44409","article-title":"Safety and usage pattern of an over - the - counter ambroxol cough syrup : a community pharmacy - based cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Schulz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm Th"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.3.418","article-title":"The debate","author":"Crowther","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1971","first-page":"450","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of ambroxol and dexamethasone on the expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins in the fetal rat lungs Er","author":"Fu","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref1861","first-page":"156","article-title":"FF Antenatal ambroxol treatment does not prevent the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","author":"Dani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.12.005","article-title":"CM High - dose vascular endothelial growth factor increases surfactant protein gene expressions in preterm rat lung","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref1461","first-page":"138","article-title":"DM epithelial - derived have distinct functions in the regulation of lung development","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"365","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betamethasone year follow - up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Dalziel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.3.3201","article-title":"OB Heu Bourbon Keratinocyte growth factor enhances maturation of fetal rat lung type II cells","volume":"20","author":"Chelly","year":"1999","journal-title":"AM Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"299","article-title":"in fetal sheep from intra - amniotic injection of Ureaplasma parvum","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.74","article-title":"fetal programming part mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Moisiadis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"345","article-title":"Australian collaborative trial of antenatal thyrotropin - releasing hormone for prevention of neonatal respiratory disease","author":"ACTOBAT","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0515","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease glucocorticoids their placental metabolism and fetal programming of adult pathophysiology","author":"Seckl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref1321","first-page":"181","article-title":"The effect of Ambroxol on bleomycin - induced changes in phospholipid composition of rat lung surfactant","author":"Stettner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"key":"ref841","first-page":"359","article-title":"Maden Hind acid in alveolar development maintenance regeneration","author":"Retinoic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans Soc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref1191","first-page":"159","article-title":"Retinoic acid stimulates mouse lung development by a mechanism involving epithelial - mesenchymal interaction and regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors","author":"Schuger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref1391","first-page":"282","article-title":"and hepatocyte growth factors in the lung : roles in lung development inflammation repair","author":"Ware","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref1951","first-page":"267","article-title":"chorioamnionitis effects on premature delivery and neonatal prognosis","author":"Erdemir","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2561","first-page":"475","article-title":"Practice CoO Committee Opinion No Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation","author":"ACOG","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1035766","article-title":"Induction of fetal lung maturation using ambroxol and betamethasone Results of an open multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Wolff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geburtsh Frauenheilk"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"000019","article-title":"CA - releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease CD","author":"Crowther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200203000-00006","article-title":"CA fetal pulmonary maturity","volume":"45","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"377","article-title":"Antenatal condition at birth and respiratory morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants","author":"Hagan","year":"1998","journal-title":"steroids Paediatr Health"},{"key":"ref1611","first-page":"136","article-title":"Antenatal administration of granulocyte - macrophage colony - stimulating factor increases fetal lung maturation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the fetal rat lung","author":"Baytur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000194430","article-title":"compliance and alveolar expansion in the artificially ventilated premature newborn rabbit after maternal treatment with ambroxol","volume":"16","author":"Lachmann","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lung Respiration"},{"key":"ref1071","first-page":"287","article-title":"TO Lipopolysaccharide increases alveolar type II cell number in fetal mouse lungs through Toll - like receptor kappaB","author":"Prince","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref2161","first-page":"9","article-title":"MV Million preterm births annually : what has changed this year","volume":"15","author":"Kinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-010-2790-3","article-title":"NA Late administration of antenatal vitamin A promotes pulmonary structural maturation and improves ventilation in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"27","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"ref2271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2000.tb01327.x","article-title":"Antenatal use of ambroxol for the prevention of infant respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Laoag","year":"2000","journal-title":"AM J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref2661","article-title":"The development of connective tissue and its role in pulmonary mechanics In editors Respiratory control and lung development in the fetus newborn New York","author":"Schellenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Perinatology"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"136","article-title":"Antenatal administration of granulocyte - macrophage colony - stimulating factor increases fetal lung maturation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the fetal rat lung","author":"Baytur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref611","article-title":"Allgemeine und Spezielle Pharmakologie","author":"Karow","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref1361","article-title":"Current pharmacologic approaches for prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","author":"Tropea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"003935","article-title":"CA JE Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease CD","author":"Crowther","year":"2007","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2231","first-page":"302","article-title":"Intra - amniotic LPS and antenatal betamethasone : inflammation and maturation in preterm lamb lungs","author":"Kuypers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref2991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329684","article-title":"Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants by antenatal ambroxol meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref1131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-010-2833-9","article-title":"EM Prenatal administration of retinoic acid upregulates connective tissue growth factor in the nitrofen CDH model","volume":"27","author":"Ruttenstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"ref1171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0066","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor and dexamethasone plus elevated cAMP levels synergistically support pluripotent stem cell differentiation into alveolar epithelial type II cells A","volume":"19","author":"Schmeckebier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Pt"},{"key":"ref1801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.3.418","article-title":"The debate","author":"Crowther","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1351","first-page":"103","article-title":"European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants update","author":"Sweet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref971","article-title":"Rekombinanter humaner Keratinozytenwachstumsfaktor als Alternative zu Glukokortikoiden : spezifische Effekte auf Surfactantstatus und Leberphospholipide in neugeborenen Ratten University T\u00fcbingen","author":"Ohler","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref861","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antenatal ambroxol administration for prevention of respiratopry distress syndrome in preterm infants : preliminary report","volume":"50","author":"Marinov","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref1701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.1.3563","article-title":"Heu Mild vitamin A deficiency delays fetal lung maturation in the rat","volume":"21","author":"Chailley","year":"1999","journal-title":"AM Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2421","first-page":"957","article-title":"Is prenatal glucocorticoid administration another origin of adult disease","volume":"28","author":"Newnham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref921","first-page":"957","article-title":"Is prenatal glucocorticoid administration another origin of adult disease","volume":"28","author":"Newnham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2001.29032","article-title":"FR Is there a role for antenatal TRH therapy for the prevention of neonatal lung disease","volume":"25","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref2071","first-page":"7","article-title":"AH maturation the survival miracle of very low birth weight infants","volume":"51","author":"Jobe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1770","article-title":"Persistent activation of an innate immune response translates respiratory viral infection into chronic lung disease","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref1641","first-page":"200","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroid treatment what s happened since","author":"Bonanno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2451","first-page":"724","article-title":"Limited response to CRH stimulation tests at two weeks of age in preterm infants born at less than weeks of gestational age","author":"Niwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref2881","first-page":"283","article-title":"AD Retinoic acid attenuates induced inhibition of lung septation","author":"Veness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199811000-00005","article-title":"Plasma thyroid hormones in premature infants : effect of gestational age and antenatal thyrotropin - releasing hormone treatment TRH Collaborative Trial Participants","author":"Ballard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref1311","first-page":"006614","article-title":"Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term CD","author":"Sotiriadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref471","first-page":"450","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of ambroxol and dexamethasone on the expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins in the fetal rat lungs Er","author":"Fu","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2921","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intra - amniotic injection of induces inflammation and maturation in fetal sheep lung","volume":"20","author":"Willet","year":"2002","journal-title":"IL Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref01","article-title":"of Dimes Save the Children WHO too soon : the global action report on preterm birth","author":"March","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"383","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of ambroxol on hypochlorous acid - induced tissue damage and respiratory burst of phagocytic cells","author":"Cho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref2601","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality Guidline No College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top Royal"},{"key":"ref2681","first-page":"207","article-title":"Prenatal retinoic acid improves lung vascularization and VEGF expression in CDH rat","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2011","first-page":"184","article-title":"Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes","author":"Harding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00565.x","article-title":"dos Prenatal administration of vitamin A alters pulmonary and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in the developing mouse","author":"Pinto Mde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref2581","first-page":"889","article-title":"Pharmacological study on the bromhexine metabolite ambroxol author s transl Arzneimittel -","volume":"28","author":"Puschmann","year":"1978","journal-title":"Forschung"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"186","article-title":"AB Recommendations for repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids : a decision analysis discussion","volume":"6","author":"Caughey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1831","first-page":"003935","article-title":"CA JE Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease CD","author":"Crowther","year":"2007","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref1301","first-page":"173","article-title":"Meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials of antenatal corticosteroid for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome discussion","author":"Sinclair","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1731","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effects of maternal retinoic acid administration on lung angiogenesis in oligohydramnios - exposed fetal rats","author":"Chen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"184","article-title":"Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes","author":"Harding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"000501","article-title":"A supplementation to prevent mortality and short - and long - term morbidity in very low birthweight infants CD","author":"Darlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vitamin Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90280-5","article-title":"AN of arrested acinar development in postsurfactant bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"29","author":"Husain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathology Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref1631","first-page":"187","article-title":"AN - kappaB signaling in fetal lung macrophages disrupts airway morphogenesis","author":"Blackwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref2891","first-page":"282","article-title":"and hepatocyte growth factors in the lung : roles in lung development inflammation repair","author":"Ware","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref2571","first-page":"287","article-title":"TO Lipopolysaccharide increases alveolar type II cell number in fetal mouse lungs through Toll - like receptor kappaB","author":"Prince","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"187","article-title":"AN - kappaB signaling in fetal lung macrophages disrupts airway morphogenesis","author":"Blackwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref1421","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intra - amniotic injection of induces inflammation and maturation in fetal sheep lung","volume":"20","author":"Willet","year":"2002","journal-title":"IL Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref1901","first-page":"153","article-title":"The pharmacology of ambroxol and new results","author":"Disse","year":"1987","journal-title":"review Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref1271","first-page":"203","article-title":"von - specific modulation of surfactant proteins by ambroxol treatment","author":"Seifart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"390","article-title":"Antenatal hormone therapy for improving the outcome of the preterm infant","volume":"16","author":"Ballard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref2061","first-page":"190","article-title":"AH Soll Choice and dose of corticosteroid for antenatal treatments","author":"Jobe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP44409","article-title":"Safety and usage pattern of an over - the - counter ambroxol cough syrup : a community pharmacy - based cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Schulz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm Th"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200203000-00006","article-title":"CA fetal pulmonary maturity","volume":"45","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1181","first-page":"207","article-title":"Prenatal retinoic acid improves lung vascularization and VEGF expression in CDH rat","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1061","first-page":"475","article-title":"Practice CoO Committee Opinion No Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation","author":"ACOG","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref621","first-page":"12","article-title":"dosing interval or hours apart randomized noninferiority open trial","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1551","first-page":"18","article-title":"A supplementation for extremely low birth weight infants : outcome at to months","author":"Ambalavanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitamin Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2691","first-page":"159","article-title":"Retinoic acid stimulates mouse lung development by a mechanism involving epithelial - mesenchymal interaction and regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors","author":"Schuger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1970","article-title":"Impact of antenatal synthetic glucocorticoid exposure on endocrine stress reactivity in term - born children","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"3","article-title":"Aberrant signaling pathways of the lung mesenchyme and their contributions to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Birth Defects Res Part","author":"Ahlfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Mol"},{"key":"ref1491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329684","article-title":"Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants by antenatal ambroxol meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref651","first-page":"204","article-title":"Antenatal ambroxol usage in the prevention of infant respiratory distress syndrome Beneficial and adverse effects","volume":"22","author":"Kimya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118250","article-title":"Intratracheal instillation of keratinocyte growth factor decreases hyperoxia - induced mortality in rats","author":"Panos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref2341","first-page":"359","article-title":"Maden Hind acid in alveolar development maintenance regeneration","author":"Retinoic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans Soc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1159\/000297765","article-title":"Useless perinatal therapies","author":"Halliday","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref1691","first-page":"186","article-title":"AB Recommendations for repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroids : a decision analysis discussion","volume":"6","author":"Caughey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1141","first-page":"190","article-title":"Ambroxol versus betamethasone for stimulating antepartal lung maturity - a multicenter study","author":"Salzer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geburtsh Perinatol"},{"key":"ref601","first-page":"730","article-title":"Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in conjunction with rescue therapy of human surfactant : a randomized placebo - controlled multicenter study","author":"Kari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1681","first-page":"1","article-title":"interleukin accelerates surfactant protein synthesis in fetal rabbits and improves lung stability after premature birth","author":"Lappalainen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref1931","first-page":"333","article-title":"chorioamnionitis antenatal steroids perinatal outcomes","author":"Elimian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2251","first-page":"71","article-title":"JG Secretion of mucus induced by ambroxol in the ferret trachea","author":"Kyle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"53","article-title":"Sandman CA Prenatal treatment with glucocorticoids sensitizes the hpa axis response to stress among full - term infants","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"ref1841","first-page":"153","article-title":"Prenatal synthetic glucocorticoid treatment changes DNA methylation states in male organ systems : multigenerational effects","author":"Crudo","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2551","first-page":"402","article-title":"Practice Committee Opinion No Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation","author":"ACOG","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"77","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor antibody therapy attenuates hyperoxia - induced lung injury in neonatal rats","author":"Alapati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref1531","first-page":"77","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor antibody therapy attenuates hyperoxia - induced lung injury in neonatal rats","author":"Alapati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref1581","first-page":"390","article-title":"Antenatal hormone therapy for improving the outcome of the preterm infant","volume":"16","author":"Ballard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref1101","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality Guidline No College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top Royal"},{"key":"ref2851","first-page":"103","article-title":"European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants update","author":"Sweet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.1.3563","article-title":"Heu Mild vitamin A deficiency delays fetal lung maturation in the rat","volume":"21","author":"Chailley","year":"1999","journal-title":"AM Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1159\/000297765","article-title":"Useless perinatal therapies","author":"Halliday","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref1341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000243853","article-title":"Antenatal ambroxol effects on surfactant pool size and postnatal lung function in preterm ventilated rabbits","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref2131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.03.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids as mediators of developmental programming effects Met","volume":"26","author":"Khulan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pract Res Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref2441","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids revisited : repeat courses - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement","author":"August","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"153","article-title":"Prenatal synthetic glucocorticoid treatment changes DNA methylation states in male organ systems : multigenerational effects","author":"Crudo","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2901","first-page":"84","article-title":"The antenatal use of ambroxol ( bromhexine metabolite VIII ) to prevent hyaline membrane disease : a controlled double - blind study","author":"Wauer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Biol Res"},{"key":"ref881","first-page":"123","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta - analyses the PRISMA Statement Open medicine a peer - reviewed independent open access","volume":"30","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"journal"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"200","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroid treatment what s happened since","author":"Bonanno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.210187","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia : a systematic and meta - analysis Neonatal","author":"Hartling","year":"2012","journal-title":"review Arch Dis Child Fetal"},{"key":"ref2831","first-page":"133","article-title":"Inhibition of inflammatory responses by ambroxol a mucolytic agent in a murine model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide Intensive Care","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1992.20.6.459","article-title":"The effect of thyroxine and corticosteroids upon amniotic fluid fluorescence polarization : a randomized controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Barkai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2001.29032","article-title":"FR Is there a role for antenatal TRH therapy for the prevention of neonatal lung disease","volume":"25","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref2511","first-page":"193","article-title":"The interval between a single course of antenatal steroids and delivery and its association with neonatal outcomes","author":"Peaceman","year":"2005","journal-title":"AM Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90280-5","article-title":"AN of arrested acinar development in postsurfactant bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"29","author":"Husain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathology Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.4.515","article-title":"controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","volume":"25","author":"Liggins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2521","article-title":"hormone receptor repression is linked to type I pneumocyte - associated respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Leblanc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid Nat Med"},{"key":"ref1251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0515","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease glucocorticoids their placental metabolism and fetal programming of adult pathophysiology","author":"Seckl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref2671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0066","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor and dexamethasone plus elevated cAMP levels synergistically support pluripotent stem cell differentiation into alveolar epithelial type II cells A","volume":"19","author":"Schmeckebier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Pt"},{"key":"ref1501","article-title":"of Dimes Save the Children WHO too soon : the global action report on preterm birth","author":"March","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref1091","first-page":"004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth CD","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.15.4.8879176","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor reduces lung damage due to acid instillation in rats","volume":"15","author":"Yano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2381","first-page":"123","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta - analyses the PRISMA Statement Open medicine a peer - reviewed independent open access","volume":"30","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"journal"},{"key":"ref741","first-page":"281","article-title":"Altered canonical Wingless signaling in the ovine fetal lung after exposure to intra - amniotic lipopolysaccharide and antenatal betamethasone","author":"Kuypers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref2491","article-title":"a multifaceted molecule with additional therapeutic potentials in respiratory disorders of childhood Expert","volume":"14","author":"Paleari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"218","article-title":"Been Histological chorioamnionitis and respiratory outcome in preterm infants Neonatal","volume":"25","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal"},{"key":"ref811","article-title":"The Effect of Dexamethasone and Ambroxol on Weights of Rabbit Fetal Tissues and Organs and of the Body","author":"LU","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharm"},{"key":"ref2961","first-page":"138","article-title":"DM epithelial - derived have distinct functions in the regulation of lung development","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref2841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000243853","article-title":"Antenatal ambroxol effects on surfactant pool size and postnatal lung function in preterm ventilated rabbits","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref1961","first-page":"190","article-title":"Repeated antenatal corticosteroids : effects on cerebral palsy and childhood behavior","author":"French","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"190","article-title":"AH Soll Choice and dose of corticosteroid for antenatal treatments","author":"Jobe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2481","first-page":"140","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of human neutrophil histotoxicity by ambroxol : evidence for a multistep mechanism","author":"Ottonello","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref691","first-page":"291","article-title":"All - trans retinoic acid and intra - amniotic endotoxin - mediated effects on fetal sheep lung","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref1211","article-title":"beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase fetal programming","volume":"11","author":"Seckl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref2811","first-page":"006614","article-title":"Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term CD","author":"Sotiriadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118250","article-title":"Intratracheal instillation of keratinocyte growth factor decreases hyperoxia - induced mortality in rats","author":"Panos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref2201","first-page":"200","article-title":"Ladenburger Been Intravenous lipopolysaccharide - induced pulmonary maturation and structural changes in fetal sheep","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1970","article-title":"Impact of antenatal synthetic glucocorticoid exposure on endocrine stress reactivity in term - born children","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref1371","first-page":"008666","article-title":"den A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes CD","author":"van","year":"2010","journal-title":"AM Vitamin Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref1031","first-page":"129","article-title":"Reduction of cytokine release of blood and bronchoalveolar mononuclear cells by ambroxol","author":"Pfeifer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2014-0295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T19:40:09Z","timestamp":1650656409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2014-0295\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":262,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2014-0295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-3997","0300-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}}}