{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:55:04Z","timestamp":1783421704192,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate a possible dose-response relationship between active maternal smoking during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcome.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Population-based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Women who gave birth to a liveborn or stillborn infant during the period of January 2001 to December 2007.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Active smokers of different daily cigarette consumption (n=1646) were identified through maternal self-reporting. The reference group comprised 19,292 non-smoking women who delivered during the same period.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Birth weight, preterm delivery rate, fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, and congenital malformations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Preterm delivery rate was significantly higher in the smoking group compared with controls (22.2% vs. 12.4%, P&lt;0.05), as was intrauterine fetal demise (1.4% vs. 0.3%, P&lt;0.05). Newborns of active smokers were more likely to weigh less (3150\u00b1759 g vs. 3377\u00b1604 g, P&lt;0.05), suffer from respiratory distress syndrome (2.5% vs. 1.3%, P&lt;0.05), suffer from a cardiac malformation (1.5% vs. 0.8%, P&lt;0.05), and die (neonatal death 1.2% vs. 0.6%, P&lt;0.05). A dose-response relationship was demonstrated between levels of daily cigarette smoking and several adverse outcomes. Using multiple regression models, smoking was found to be an independent predictor of preterm delivery (odds ratios (OR) 1.9, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) 1.6\u20132), and intrauterine fetal demise (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.4\u20134.2).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Any amount of daily smoking appears to harm the fetus and newborn. As pregnancy may be a \u201cwindow of opportunity\u201d for behavioural changes, efforts to promote smoking cessation should be encouraged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T17:03:49Z","timestamp":1415725429000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The unborn smoker: association between smoking during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Elad","family":"Mei-Dan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asnat","family":"Walfisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Weisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mordechai","family":"Hallak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Shrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn250","article-title":"Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and cognitive performance in adolescence","author":"Kafouri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy and associated risk factors among Canadian women : a national survey BMC Pregnancy Childbirth","author":"Sahab","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404527","article-title":"The sociodemographic predictors of smoking cessation among pregnant women in","author":"Connor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy and associated risk factors among Canadian women : a national survey BMC Pregnancy Childbirth","author":"Sahab","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"173","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects : a systematic review based on malformed cases million controls","volume":"11","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"91","article-title":"Maternal smokeless tobacco use in Alaska native women and singleton infant birth size","author":"England","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"107","article-title":"Smoking habits nicotine use congenital malformations","volume":"51","author":"Morales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"1990","article-title":"for Disease Control CDC Smoking during pregnancy United States Mortal","author":"Centers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rep"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn250","article-title":"Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and cognitive performance in adolescence","author":"Kafouri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.2.201","article-title":"for pregnant smokers : its behavioral impact and cost benefit","author":"Windsor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health education Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1024","article-title":"MG AD AH Consequences of smoking during pregnancy on maternal","volume":"18","author":"Roelands","year":"2009","journal-title":"health J Womens Health"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2009.03.012","article-title":"Tobacco pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"181","article-title":"Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia : a systematic","author":"Conde","year":"1999","journal-title":"review Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01519.x","article-title":"Outcomes of pregnancy in women using illegal drugs and in women who smoke cigarettes","volume":"92","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref401","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births final data for","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Stat Rep"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"89","article-title":"Self - 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