{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:33:30Z","timestamp":1785548010962,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"0","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis is based on a combination of signs [fever, maternal or fetal tachycardia, foul-smelling amniotic fluid (AF), uterine tenderness and maternal leukocytosis]. Bacterial infections within the amniotic cavity are considered the most frequent cause of clinical chorioamnionitis and an indication for antibiotic administration to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity. Recent studies show that only 54% of patients with the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis at term have bacteria in the AF and evidence of intra-amniotic inflammation. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis to identify patients with microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation (also termed intra-amniotic infection).<\/jats:p><jats:p>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 45 patients with the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis at term, whose AF underwent analysis for: 1) the presence of microorganisms using both cultivation and molecular biologic techniques [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with broad primers], and 2) interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and likelihood ratios) of each clinical sign and their combination to identify clinical chorioamnionitis were determined using microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation [presence of microorganisms in the AF using cultivation or molecular techniques and elevated AF IL-6 concentrations (\u22652.6 ng\/mL)] as the gold standard.<\/jats:p><jats:p>: The accuracy of each clinical sign for the identification of microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation (intra-amniotic infection) ranged between 46.7% and 57.8%. The combination of fever with three or more clinical criteria did not substantially improve diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In the presence of a fever during labor at term, signs used to diagnose clinical chorioamnionitis do not accurately identify the patient with proven intra-amniotic infection (i.e., those with microorganisms detected by culture or molecular microbiologic techniques and an associated intra-amniotic inflammatory response).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2015-0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,4]],"date-time":"2015-05-04T17:01:24Z","timestamp":1430758884000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Clinical chorioamnionitis at term III: how well do clinical criteria perform in the identification of proven intra-amniotic infection?"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"0","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piya","family":"Chaemsaithong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Korzeniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Kusanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolina","family":"Docheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Martinez-Varea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Hyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia S.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinnakorn","family":"Chaiworapongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lami","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref1281","first-page":"188","article-title":"Histologic chorioamnionitis at term : implications for the progress of labor and neonatal wellbeing Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"129","author":"Torricelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31819","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031819","article-title":"Acute histologic chorioamnionitis at term : nearly always non - infectious PLoS","volume":"128","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"One"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra - amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"86","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref1161","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Blood pH and gases in fetuses in preterm labor with and without systemic inflammatory response syndrome Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"117","author":"Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref681","first-page":"19","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term I : microbiology of the amniotic cavity using cultivation and molecular techniques","volume":"69","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref1291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90409-2","article-title":"Infection and labor Prevalence microbiology , and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"130","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050257","article-title":"Long - term changes in human colonic Bifidobacterium populations induced by a - day oral amoxicillin - clavulanic acid treatment PloS","volume":"41","author":"Mangin","year":"2012","journal-title":"One"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361825","article-title":"Early development of the gut microbiome and immune - mediated childhood disorders","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"617","article-title":"Association between epidural analgesia during labor and fever","volume":"15","author":"Vinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70134-2","article-title":"Obesity inflammation , and the gut microbiota","volume":"67","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1261","first-page":"941","article-title":"Eschenbach DA The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery , amniotic fluid infection , histologic chorioamnionitis , and chorioamnion infection","volume":"127","author":"Hillier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01427.x","article-title":"Intra - amniotic inflammation predicts microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity but not spontaneous preterm delivery in preterm prelabor membrane rupture","volume":"131","author":"Cobo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.02.011","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in the placenta and umbilical cord Fetal","volume":"94","author":"Redline","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Neonat Med"},{"key":"ref1121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00791.x","article-title":"The transcriptome of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Madsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref1111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2009.106","article-title":"Evidence of changes in the immunophenotype and metabolic characteristics ( intracellular reactive oxygen radicals ) of fetal , but not maternal , monocytes and granulocytes in the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref731","first-page":"495","article-title":"Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pregnancies with small - for - gestational - age fetuses","volume":"74","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)93020-1","article-title":"Temperature labour , and epidural analgesia","volume":"13","author":"Gleeson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref951","first-page":"375","article-title":"The frequency of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and histologic chorioamnionitis in women at term with intact membranes in the presence or absence of labor","volume":"96","author":"Seong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12046","article-title":"Endoglin in amniotic fluid as a risk factor for the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610601016644","article-title":"Maternal intra - partum fever","volume":"31","author":"Apantaku","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","article-title":"Preterm labor : one syndrome , many causes","volume":"10","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92341-6","article-title":"Maternal pyrexia associated with the use of epidural analgesia in labour","volume":"14","author":"Fusi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/fetalneonatal-2011-301373","article-title":"Gut microbial colonisation in premature neonates predicts neonatal sepsis","volume":"55","author":"Madan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.06.060","article-title":"Amniotic fluid infection , inflammation , and colonization in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"90","author":"Cobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210967","article-title":"Maternal epidural analgesia and rates of maternal antibiotic treatment in a low - risk nulliparous population","volume":"30","author":"Goetzl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.09.017","article-title":"The involvement of human amnion in histologic chorioamnionitis is an indicator that a fetal and an intra - amniotic inflammatory response is more likely and severe : clinical implications","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2301","article-title":"Intrapartum temperature elevation , epidural use , and adverse outcome in term infants","volume":"28","author":"Greenwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198812000-00001","article-title":"A randomized trial of intrapartum vs immediate postpartum treatment of women with intra - amniotic infection","volume":"6","author":"Gibbs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.109","article-title":"Biopsychosocial risks of parental care for high - risk neonates : implications for evidence - based parental counseling","volume":"135","author":"Placencia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref1361","first-page":"605","article-title":"Evidence of the involvement of caspase - under physiologic and pathologic cellular stress during human pregnancy : a link between the inflammasome and parturition Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"137","author":"Gotsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00066-4","article-title":"Effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human microflora","volume":"36","author":"Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref841","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sterile intra - amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix : prevalence and clinical significance Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"85","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200110000-00038","article-title":"Epidural labor analgesia and neonatal sepsis evaluation rate : a quality improvement study","volume":"12","author":"Kaul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1539","article-title":"Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity","volume":"66","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref1171","first-page":"995","article-title":"Interleukin - in fetal systemic inflammation Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"118","author":"Savasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.02.009","article-title":"Placental diagnostic criteria and clinical correlation - - a workshop report","volume":"93","author":"Redline","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref1221","first-page":"802","article-title":"Placental microbiology and histology and the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis","volume":"123","author":"Pankuch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.040618-0","article-title":"Long - term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Jernberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994103","article-title":"Increased intrapartum antibiotic administration associated with epidural analgesia in labor","volume":"17","author":"Mayer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01537-X","article-title":"Labor epidural analgesia and intrapartum maternal hyperthermia","volume":"11","author":"Yancey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836","article-title":"Short - term antibiotic treatment has differing long - term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome PLoS","volume":"38","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"One"},{"key":"ref911","article-title":"A point of care test for interleukin - in amniotic fluid in preterm prelabor rupture of membrances : a step toward the early treatment of acute intra - amniotic inflammation \/ infection Matern Fetal Neonatal Epub ahead of print","volume":"92","author":"Chaemsaithong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)32493-2","article-title":"Mothers separated from their newborn infants","volume":"132","author":"Klaus","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref831","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sterile and microbial - associated intra - amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"84","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199312000-00004","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and intraamniotic infection","volume":"8","author":"Newton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-197006000-00005","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis","volume":"2","author":"MacVicar","year":"1970","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052876","article-title":"Distortions in development of intestinal microbiota associated with late onset sepsis in preterm infants PLoS","volume":"60","author":"Mai","year":"2013","journal-title":"One"},{"key":"ref1051","first-page":"85","article-title":"C - reactive protein in umbilical cord blood : a simple and widely available clinical method to assess the risk of amniotic fluid infection and funisitis Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"106","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000255976.14297.f6","article-title":"Intrapartum epidural analgesia and maternal temperature regulation","volume":"24","author":"Goetzl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00040","article-title":"The impact of prematurity : a perspective of pediatric intensive care units","volume":"134","author":"Slonim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283530d7c","article-title":"Epidural analgesia and maternal fever : a clinical and research update","volume":"27","author":"Goetzl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref1141","first-page":"653","article-title":"The role of granulocyte colony - stimulating factor in the neutrophilia observed in the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Labor epidural analgesia is independent risk factor for neonatal pyrexia Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"26","author":"Agakidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref791","first-page":"558","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis is characterized by changes in the expression of the alarmin HMGB and one of its receptors , sRAGE Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"80","author":"Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1099","article-title":"Maternal epidural use and neonatal sepsis evaluation in afebrile mothers","volume":"35","author":"Goetzl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(21)00165-0","article-title":"Acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"7","author":"Gilstrap","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00830.x","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of microbes in the amniotic fluid , the fetal inflammatory response , and pregnancy outcome in women with preterm pre - labor rupture of membranes","volume":"72","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref871","first-page":"325","article-title":"Prelabor rupture of membranes between and weeks : the intraamniotic inflammatory response and neonatal outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Kacerovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117680","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra - amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"76","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00415-3","article-title":"Epidural analgesia and intrapartum fever : placental findings","volume":"20","author":"Dashe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.219683","article-title":"Antibiotic use and inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood","volume":"53","author":"Hviid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.03.020","article-title":"Programming infant gut microbiota : influence of dietary and environmental factors","volume":"51","author":"Marques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.32","article-title":"Early life antibiotic - driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma","volume":"56","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref1131","first-page":"19","article-title":"Hematologic profile of the fetus with systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref1241","first-page":"175","article-title":"A microbiologic and clinical study of placental inflammation at term","volume":"125","author":"Dong","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.27","article-title":"Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota : the role of delivery mode , pre - pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics","volume":"54","author":"Ajslev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref771","first-page":"161","article-title":"Pentraxin in amniotic fluid : a novel association with intra - amniotic infection and inflammation","volume":"78","author":"Cruciani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181f713d4","article-title":"Labor epidural analgesia and maternal fever","volume":"25","author":"Segal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302134","article-title":"Gut microbiota in preterm infants : assessment and relevance to health and disease","volume":"62","author":"Berrington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"ref721","first-page":"503","article-title":"Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pre - eclampsia as assessed by cultivation and sequence - based methods","volume":"73","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003056","article-title":"Microbial prevalence , diversity and abundance in amniotic fluid during preterm labor : a molecular and culture - based investigation PLoS","volume":"71","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2008","journal-title":"One"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.06.002","article-title":"The association between epidural labor analgesia and maternal fever","volume":"29","author":"Arendt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.1.1","article-title":"Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term","volume":"4","author":"Gibbs","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref1001","first-page":"731","article-title":"A multi - hit model of neonatal white matter injury : cumulative contributions of chronic placental inflammation , acute fetal inflammation and postnatal inflammatory events","volume":"101","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1409799","article-title":"Microbiota antibiotics , and obesity","volume":"43","author":"Jess","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref481","first-page":"45","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in early infant development","volume":"49","author":"Wall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Med Pediatr"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.132","article-title":"Infant antibiotic exposures and early - life body mass","volume":"61","author":"Trasande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.02.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis","volume":"9","author":"Tita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref1201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.135","article-title":"Accuracy of signs of clinical chorioamnionitis in the term parturient","volume":"121","author":"Curtin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117970","article-title":"A randomized trial of labor analgesia in women with pregnancy - induced hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Lucas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90335-7","article-title":"The leukocyte count in labor","volume":"120","author":"Acker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198612000-00008","article-title":"Diagnosis of chorioamnionitis","volume":"5","author":"Hollander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.218","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment during infancy and increased body mass index in boys : an international cross - sectional study","volume":"64","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12189","article-title":"A novel molecular microbiologic technique for the rapid diagnosis of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra - amniotic infection in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"83","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.3.415","article-title":"Epidural analgesia , intrapartum fever , and neonatal sepsis evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Lieberman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1151","first-page":"391","article-title":"An elevated fetal interleukin - concentration can be observed in fetuses with anemia due to Rh alloimmunization : implications for the understanding of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"116","author":"Vaisbuch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109035","article-title":"The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord ( funisitis ) , umbilical cord plasma interleukin concentration , amniotic fluid infection , and neonatal sepsis","volume":"103","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095476","article-title":"Short - term effect of antibiotics on human gut microbiota PLoS","volume":"46","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"One"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)90445-7","article-title":"Management of acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"3","author":"Gibbs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.052","article-title":"Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences","volume":"45","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000112","article-title":"Epidural fever in obstetric patients : it s a hot topic","volume":"33","author":"Goetzl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref1071","first-page":"497","article-title":"The antenatal identification of funisitis with a rapid MMP - bedside test","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00553.x","article-title":"Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota","volume":"50","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref781","first-page":"1444","article-title":"Damage - associated molecular patterns ( DAMPs ) in preterm labor with intact membranes and preterm PROM : a study of the alarmin HMGB Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"79","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191503","article-title":"Eschenbach DA A case - control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity","volume":"126","author":"Hillier","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00269-W","article-title":"Randomized trial of epidural vs intravenous analgesia during labor","volume":"16","author":"Ramin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1041","first-page":"18","article-title":"Funisitis and chorionic vasculitis : the histological counterpart of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"105","author":"Pacora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00254-O","article-title":"Risk factors for fever in labor","volume":"32","author":"Herbst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref761","first-page":"275","article-title":"The frequency and clinical significance of intra - amniotic infection and \/ or inflammation in women with placenta previa and vaginal bleeding : an unexpected observation","volume":"77","author":"Madan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref1101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31811ebef6","article-title":"The fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Gotsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref621","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to antibiotics , cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity Epub ahead of print","volume":"63","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200203000-00007","article-title":"Cesarean delivery : a randomized trial of epidural analgesia vs intravenous meperidine analgesia during labor in nulliparous women","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.08.009","article-title":"Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring","volume":"59","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109034","article-title":"Interleukin determinations in cervical fluid have diagnostic and prognostic value in preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"75","author":"Jun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref941","first-page":"449","article-title":"Amniotic fluid heat shock protein concentration in histologic chorioamnionitis , term and preterm parturition Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"95","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199905000-00008","article-title":"Epidural analgesia during labor and maternal fever","volume":"21","author":"Philip","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02379.x","article-title":"The microflora hypothesis of allergic diseases","volume":"37","author":"Noverr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"ref991","first-page":"1332","article-title":"The association between histological chorioamnionitis , funisitis and neonatal outcome in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"100","author":"Tsiartas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00646.x","article-title":"Intestinal microflora in early infancy : composition and development","volume":"47","author":"Fanaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00057.2005","article-title":"Neonatal antibiotic treatment alters gastrointestinal tract developmental gene expression and intestinal barrier transcriptome","volume":"48","author":"Schumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.119","article-title":"Infant antibiotic exposure and the development of childhood overweight and central adiposity","volume":"65","author":"Azad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref691","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term II : the intra - amniotic inflammatory response","volume":"70","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.3.490","article-title":"Epidural analgesia and neonatal fever author reply","volume":"34","author":"Pleasure","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70272-8","article-title":"The fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Gomez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117679","article-title":"The relationship between amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase - and funisitis","volume":"104","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.124042","article-title":"Evidence for fetal involvement in the pathologic process of clinical chorioamnionitis","volume":"110","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1211","first-page":"256","article-title":"Value of placentitis as a sign of intrauterine infection in human subjects","volume":"122","author":"Olding","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"71","article-title":"Diagnosis of intra - amniotic infection","volume":"1","author":"Gibbs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199709000-00006","article-title":"Cesarean delivery : a randomized trial of epidural vs patient - controlled meperidine analgesia during labor","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref901","article-title":"A rapid interleukin - bedside test for the identification of intra - amniotic inflammation in preterm labor with intact membranes Matern Fetal Neonatal Epub ahead of print","volume":"91","author":"Chaemsaithong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.210","article-title":"Antibiotics in early life and obesity","volume":"44","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1061","first-page":"693","article-title":"Funisitis in term pregnancy is associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra - amniotic inflammation Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref881","first-page":"125","article-title":"Amniotic fluid infection , inflammation , and colonization in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"89","author":"Combs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1011","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between the intensity of intra - amniotic inflammation and the presence and severity of acute histologic chorioamnionitis in preterm gestation Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0276","article-title":"A transcervical amniotic fluid collector : a new medical device for the assessment of amniotic fluid in patients with ruptured membranes","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-109","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure and the development of coeliac disease : a nationwide case - control study","volume":"42","author":"Marild","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref971","first-page":"205","article-title":"The microbial load with genital mycoplasmas correlates with the degree of histologic chorioamnionitis in preterm PROM","volume":"98","author":"Kacerovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834d61e9","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota in health and disease","volume":"40","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.12.026","article-title":"Are infants born by elective cesarean delivery without labor at risk for developing immune disorders later in life","volume":"58","author":"Romero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref1321","first-page":"95","article-title":"Parents view of parent - child relationship eight years after neonatal intensive care","volume":"133","author":"Kratochvil","year":"1991","journal-title":"Social Work in Health Care"},{"key":"ref981","first-page":"37","article-title":"The frequency and risk factors of funisitis and histologic chorioamnionitis in pregnant women at term who delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor Matern Fetal Neonatal","volume":"99","author":"Mi Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref1231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-198501000-00001","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis : a comparative histologic , bacteriologic , and clinical study","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.06.005","article-title":"Amoxicillin treatment modifies the composition of Bifidobacterium species in infant intestinal microbiota","volume":"52","author":"Mangin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2015-0044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T19:56:08Z","timestamp":1717876568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2015-0044\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"0"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2015-0044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-3997","0300-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]}}}