{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:40:24Z","timestamp":1790228424116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2018-0029_s_999\">\n<jats:title id=\"d1571838e40316\">Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To characterize the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) contraindicated home births and the women who are receiving these births in hopes of identifying venues for intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2018-0029_s_998\">\n<jats:title id=\"d1571838e40324\">Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) birth certificate records from 1990 to 2015 were used. \u201cPlanned home births\u201d were defined as those births in which birthplace was coded as \u201cresidence\u201d and birth attendant was coded as \u201ccertified nurse midwife (CNM)\u201d or \u201cother midwife\u201d. Contraindicated home births were defined as \u201cplanned home births\u201d from 1990 to 2015 that had one or more of the ACOG risk factors for home births, which include vaginal birth after prior cesarean delivery (VBAC), breech presentation and multiple gestations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2018-0029_s_997\">\n<jats:title id=\"d1571838e40332\">Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A review of trends in contraindicated home births from 1990 to 2015 suggests that they are increasing in number (481\u20131396) and as a percentage of total births (0.01%\u20130.04%, P&lt;0.001). There has been an increase in the proportion of college-educated women (31%\u201351%, P&lt;0.001). Most women receive prenatal care (&gt;95%), which is most frequently initiated in the first trimester. The majority of home births were paid out-of-pocket (65%\u201369%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2018-0029_s_996\">\n<jats:title id=\"d1571838e40340\">Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The increasing number of contraindicated home births in the United States requires public health action. Home births are likely a matter of choice rather than a lack of resources. It is unclear if women choose home births while knowing the risk or due to a lack of information. Prenatal education about contraindicated home births is possible, as almost all women receive prenatal care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1523522206000},"page":"573-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trends in characteristics of women choosing contraindicated home births"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kelly B.","family":"Zafman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne L.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Factor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.047","article-title":"Early and total neonatal mortality in relation to birth setting in the United States, 2006\u20132009","volume":"211","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"401","article-title":"Planned home births: the need for additional contraindications","volume":"216","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"845","article-title":"Out-of-hospital births in the United States 2009\u20132014","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.028","article-title":"Maternal and newborn outcomes in planned home birth vs planned hospital births: a metaanalysis","volume":"203","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.028","article-title":"Maternal and newborn outcomes in planned home birth vs planned hospital births: a metaanalysis","volume":"203","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019726112597","article-title":"Reliability of birth certificate data: a multi-hospital comparison to medical records information","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"350","article-title":"Perinatal risks of planned home births in the United States","volume":"212","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Planned home birth and the association with neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019726112597","article-title":"Reliability of birth certificate data: a multi-hospital comparison to medical records information","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31824bb050","article-title":"Trends and characteristics of home vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in the United States and selected states","volume":"119","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Evidence-based prenatal care: Part I. 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