{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:51:04Z","timestamp":1766087464873},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2019-0146_s_999\">\n<jats:title id=\"d3702566e14244\">Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the adrenal gland size of fetuses of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with that of healthy control fetuses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2019-0146_s_998\">\n<jats:title id=\"d3702566e14252\">Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This prospective cross-sectional study included measurements of the adrenal gland size of 62 GDM fetuses (GDM group) and 370 normal controls (control group) between the 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 41<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> week of gestation. A standardized transversal plane was used to measure the total width and the medulla width. The cortex width and an adrenal gland ratio (total width\/medulla width) were calculated from these data. Adrenal gland size measurements were adjusted to the week of gestation and compared between the two groups in a multivariable linear regression analysis. A variance decomposition metric was used to compare the relative importance of predictors of the different adrenal gland size measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2019-0146_s_997\">\n<jats:title id=\"d3702566e14266\">Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For all the investigated parameters of the adrenal gland size, increased values were found in the case of GDM (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while adjusting for the week of gestation. GDM seems to have a greater impact on the size of the cortex than on the size of the medulla.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2019-0146_s_996\">\n<jats:title id=\"d3702566e14274\">Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The fetal adrenal gland is enlarged in pregnancy complicated by GDM. The width of the cortex seems to be particularly affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1569661357000},"page":"941-946","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fetal adrenal gland size in gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Hetkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"M\u00f6llers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen A.","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria K.","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kerschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Oelmeier de Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Klockenbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.01015.x","article-title":"The risk of stillbirth in pregnancies before and after the onset of diabetes","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5298","article-title":"Reproducibility of sonographic assessment of fetal liver length in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.16.03005","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of fetal adrenal gland in gestational diabetes: relation to fetal growth and maternal biochemical markers","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(00)00445-7","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of corticosteroidogenic enzymes immunoreactivity in developing human adrenal","volume":"174","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.735725","article-title":"Androgens in the maternal and fetal circulation: association with insulin resistance","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319362","article-title":"Localization of erythrocyte\/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1) in human placental villi","volume":"267","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1124","article-title":"Estrogen elicits cortical zone-specific effects on development of the primate fetal adrenal gland","volume":"146","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"81","article-title":"Third trimester foetal complications in pregnancy with diabetes","volume":"66","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003","article-title":"Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp020","article-title":"Adolescent manifestations of metabolic syndrome among children born to women with gestational diabetes in a general-population birth cohort","volume":"169","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.04.002","article-title":"Dysregulation of leptin and testosterone production and their receptor expression in the human placenta with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref491","volume-title":"Introduction to bivariate and multivariate analysis","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"81","article-title":"Third trimester foetal complications in pregnancy with diabetes","volume":"66","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1554","article-title":"Glucose transporter protein expression in human placenta throughout gestation and in intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"77","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"1845","article-title":"Modulation of aromatase and P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activities of human placental cytotrophoblasts by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I","volume":"12","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3668-3","article-title":"Can three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of fetal adrenal gland enlargement predict preterm birth?","volume":"292","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(96)00161-4","article-title":"Role of growth factors in the developmental regulation of the human fetal adrenal cortex","volume":"62","year":"1997","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relative importance for linear regression in R: the package relaimpo","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"1554","article-title":"Glucose transporter protein expression in human placenta throughout gestation and in intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"77","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp020","article-title":"Adolescent manifestations of metabolic syndrome among children born to women with gestational diabetes in a general-population birth cohort","volume":"169","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"6672","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(96)00161-4","article-title":"Role of growth factors in the developmental regulation of the human fetal adrenal cortex","volume":"62","year":"1997","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.735725","article-title":"Androgens in the maternal and fetal circulation: association with insulin resistance","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"595","article-title":"Fetal thymus size in pregnant women with diabetic diseases. J","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1124","article-title":"Estrogen elicits cortical zone-specific effects on development of the primate fetal adrenal gland","volume":"146","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0001","article-title":"Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: a key component in the feto-placental unit","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319362","article-title":"Localization of erythrocyte\/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1) in human placental villi","volume":"267","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3668-3","article-title":"Can three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of fetal adrenal gland enlargement predict preterm birth?","volume":"292","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.034","article-title":"Ultrasound measurement of fetal adrenal gland enlargement: an accurate predictor of preterm birth","volume":"204","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02978.x","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes and time trends of gestational diabetes in Sweden from 1991 to 2003","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s225","article-title":"Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.01015.x","article-title":"The risk of stillbirth in pregnancies before and after the onset of diabetes","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1065","article-title":"From pregnancy to preeclampsia: a key role for estrogens","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocor Rev"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.034","article-title":"Ultrasound measurement of fetal adrenal gland enlargement: an accurate predictor of preterm birth","volume":"204","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(00)00445-7","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of corticosteroidogenic enzymes immunoreactivity in developing human adrenal","volume":"174","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref191","volume-title":"Introduction to bivariate and multivariate analysis","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relative importance for linear regression in R: the package relaimpo","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2017-0339","article-title":"Adrenal gland size in growth restricted fetuses","volume":"46","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s225","article-title":"Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"595","article-title":"Fetal thymus size in pregnant women with diabetic diseases. J","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003","article-title":"Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.16.03005","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of fetal adrenal gland in gestational diabetes: relation to fetal growth and maternal biochemical markers","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2009.07.2026","article-title":"Cause of death in infants of women with pregestational diabetes mellitus and the relationship with glycemic control","volume":"121","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02978.x","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes and time trends of gestational diabetes in Sweden from 1991 to 2003","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2009.07.2026","article-title":"Cause of death in infants of women with pregestational diabetes mellitus and the relationship with glycemic control","volume":"121","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"1845","article-title":"Modulation of aromatase and P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activities of human placental cytotrophoblasts by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I","volume":"12","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110380276","article-title":"Asymmetric syncytial expression of GLUT9 splice variants in human term placenta and alterations in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0001","article-title":"Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: a key component in the feto-placental unit","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1065","article-title":"From pregnancy to preeclampsia: a key role for estrogens","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocor Rev"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2017-0339","article-title":"Adrenal gland size in growth restricted fetuses","volume":"46","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.04.002","article-title":"Dysregulation of leptin and testosterone production and their receptor expression in the human placenta with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110380276","article-title":"Asymmetric syncytial expression of GLUT9 splice variants in human term placenta and alterations in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"6672","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5298","article-title":"Reproducibility of sonographic assessment of fetal liver length in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/jpme.2019.47.issue-9\/jpm-2019-0146\/jpm-2019-0146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2019-0146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T01:36:39Z","timestamp":1619055399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2019-0146\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2019-0146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-3997","0300-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]}}}