{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:29:05Z","timestamp":1789615745024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cause of death on Earth after myocardial infarctions and strokes, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Pregnancy is a unique condition of woman, when enormous changes occur in functioning of the most important systems of homeostasis in a relatively short time. These are physiological hypercoagulation, slowing of blood flow, increase in circulating blood volume, etc. However, while being physiological, these changes increase the risks of venous thromboembolism by almost 6 times. In some cases, there appears an imbalance or dissociation between the functioning of natural antithrombotic systems and the activation of coagulation as a\u00a0consequence of genetically or acquired determined causes (genetic thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome, comorbidities, obstetric complications and other exogenous and endogenous factors). Accordingly, identification of risk factors, their systematization, and determination of VTE risks in pregnancy and puerperium is one of the most\u00a0important tasks of clinical medicine. Various recommendations have appeared for practitioners during the last 10\u201315 years on the basis of the risk factors analysis in order to prevent VTE in pregnant women more effectively. Nevertheless, none of these recommendations can yet take into account all risk factors, although convenient scoring systems have emerged for risk assessment and clear recommendations on anti-thrombotic prophylaxis regimens in risk groups in recent years. This article will review historical understanding of thrombosis in pregnant women, progress in understanding VTE risk factors in pregnant women, and available reserves in identifying new risk factors during pregnancy and puerperium in order to stratify risks more efficiently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2022-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T12:05:43Z","timestamp":1642593943000},"page":"505-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Venous thrombosis risk factors in pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bitsadze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamilya","family":"Khizroeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makatsariya","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Elalamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Hematology and Thrombosis Center, Medicine , Sorbonne University , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Molina, A, Trujillo-Santos, J, Criado, J, Lopez, L, Lecumberri, R, Gutierrez, R, et al.. RIETE Investigators. Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb Haemostasis 2007;97:186\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/th06-11-0650.","DOI":"10.1160\/TH06-11-0650"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Say, L, Chou, D, Gemmill, A, Tuncalp, O, Moller, AB, Daniels, J, et al.. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Global Health 2014;2:e323\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(14)70227-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, AH. Thrombosis in pregnancy and maternal outcomes. Birth Defects Res C Embrio Today 2015;105:159\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrc.21106.","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21106"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourlaba, G, Relakis, J, Kontodimas, S, Holm, MV, Manjadakis, N. A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology and burden of venous thromboembolism among pregnant women. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2015;132:4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.054.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.054"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heit, JA, Kobbervig, CE, James, AH, Petterson, TM, Bailey, KR, Melton, LJ3rd. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:697\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00006.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00006"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodacre, S, Hunt, B, Nelson-Piercy, C. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 2019;171:146\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/l19-0190.","DOI":"10.7326\/L19-0190"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherman, RB, Goodwin, TM, Leung, B, Byme, JD, Hethumumi, R, Montoro, M. Incidence, clinical characteristics and timing of objectively diagnosed venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:730\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006250-199911000-00017.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199911000-00017"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, A, Jamison, MG, Brancazio, LR, Miers, ER. Venous Thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period: incidence, risk factors and mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1311\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.11.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.11.008"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marik, PE, Plante, LA. Venous thromboembolic disease and pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2025\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmra0707993.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707993"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meignan, M, Rosso, J, Gauthier, H, Brunengo, F, Claudel, S, Sagnard, L, et al.. Systematic lung scan reveal a high frequency of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.160.2.159.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.2.159"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobsen, AF, Skjeldestad, FE, Sandset, PM. Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium: a register-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:232\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.08.041.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.08.041"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, AH. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:326\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.109.184127.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.184127"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourjelly, G, Paidas, M, Khalil, H, Rosene-Montella, K, Roger, M. Pulmonaty embolism in pregnancy. Lancet 2010;375:500\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60996-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60996-X"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greer, IA. Venous thrombosis in women: pregnancy, the contraceptive pill and hormone replacement therapy, 1st ed. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library; 2005:108 p.","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203486122-30"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gzihal, M, Hoffmann, U. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Vasc Med 2011;16:191\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X10395657"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, AT, Kesmodel, US, Juul, S, Hvas, AM. Increased venous thrombosis incidence in pregnancies after in\u00a0vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2014;29:611\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/det458.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det458"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tepper, NK, Boulet, SL, Whiteman, MK, Monsour, ID, Marchbanks, PA, Hooper, WC, et al.. Postpartum venous thromboembolism: incidence and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:987\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0000000000000230.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000230"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McColl, MD, Ramsay, JE, Tait, RC, Walker, ID, McCall, F, Conkie, JA, et al.. Risk factors for pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemostasis 1997;78:1183\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1657712.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657712"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ero\u011flu, A. The distribution of Factor V Leiden mutation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013;36:341\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11239-012-0848-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-012-0848-x"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manucci, PM. Venous thrombosis: history of knowledge. Pathophysiol Haemostasis Thrombosis 2002;32:209\u201312.","DOI":"10.1159\/000073567"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanaud, J-P, Laroche, J-P, Righini, M. The history and historical treatments of deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemostasis 2013;11:402\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.12127.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12127"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, P. Changes of hemostasis variables during pregnancy. Semin Vasc Med 2003;3:13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2003-38329.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-38329"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsikouras, P, von Tempelhoff, GF, Rath, W. Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2017;221:161\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-107618.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-107618"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, VA, Wallace, JM. Haemostasis in normal pregnancy: a balancing act? Biochem Soc Trans 2005;33:428\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst0330428.","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0330428"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan, MN, Higgins, JR. Haemostasis in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2003;17:385\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1521-6934(03)00019-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6934(03)00019-1"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner, B. Hemostatic changes in pregnancy. Thromb Res 2004;114:409\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.08.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.08.004"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warwick, R, Hutton, RA, Goff, L, Letsky, E, Heard, M. Changes in protein C and free protein S during pregnancy and following hysterectomy. J R Soc Med 1989;82:591\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014107688908201008.","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688908201008"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellgren, M. Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium. Semin Thromb Hemost 2003;29:125\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2003-38897.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-38897"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moiz, B. A review of haemostasis in normal pregnancy and puerperium. Natl J Health Sci 2017;2:123\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21089\/njhs.23.0123.","DOI":"10.21089\/njhs.23.0123"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, A, Cockrell, E, Silverstein, R. Platelet CD36 mediates interactions with endothelial cell-derived microparticles and contributes to thrombosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008;118:1934\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI34904.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34904"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alijotas-Reig, J, Palacio-Garcia, C, Llubra, E, Villardell-Tarres, M. Cell-derived microparticles and vascular pregnancy complications: a systematic and comprehensive review. Fertil Steril 2013;99:441\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.10.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.10.009"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cines, DB, Levine, LD. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Blood 2017;130:2271\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2017-05-781971.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-05-781971"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, M, Malinowski, AK, Shehata, N. Thrombocytopenic syndromes in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2016;9:15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753495x15601937.","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X15601937"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheu, JR, Hsiao, G, Shen, MY, Lin, WY, Tzeng, CR. The hyperaggregability of platelets from normal pregnancy is mediated through thromboxane A2 and cyclic AMP pathways. Clin Lab Haemotol 2002;24:121\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2002.00430.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2002.00430.x"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, J, Hicks, CW, Heller, JA. The hemodynamic effects of pregnancy on the lower extremity venous system. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2018;6:246\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2017.08.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2017.08.001"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krabbendam, I, Spaanderman, ME. Venous adjustments in healthy and hypertensive pregnancy. Expet Rev Obstet Gynecol 2007;2:671\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/17474108.2.5.671.","DOI":"10.1586\/17474108.2.5.671"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soma-Pillay, P, Nelson-Piercy, C, Tolppanen, H, Mebazaa, A. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016;27:89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5830\/cvja-2016-021.","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-021"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burwen, DR, Wu, C, Cirillo, D, Rossouw, JE, Margolis, KL, Limacher, M, et al.. Venous thromboembolism incidence, recurrence and mortality based on Women\u2019s Health Initiative Data and Medicare claims. Thromb Res 2017;T.150:S78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2016.11.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2016.11.015"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Stefano, V, Chiusolo, P, Paciaroni, K, Leone, G. Epidemiology of Factor V Leiden: clinical implications. Semin Thromb Hemost 1998;24:367\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-996025.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-996025"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limdi, NA, Beasley, TM, Allison, DB, Rivers, CA, Acton, RT. Racial differences in the prevalence of Factor V Leiden mutation among patients on chronic warfarin therapy. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006;37:100\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcmd.2006.06.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2006.06.003"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson-Piercy, C. Thromoembolic disease. Handbook of obstetric medicine, 5th ed. New York: CRC Press Taylor&Francis Group; 2015:47\u20139 pp. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18316"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iorio, A, Kearon, C, Filippucci, E, Marcucci, M, Macura, A, Pengo, V, et al.. Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1710\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.367.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.367"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, SM. Pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism: prevention and treatment. Semin Hematol 2011;48:271\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2011.08.003.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2011.08.003"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villani, M, Favuzzi, G, Totaro, P, Chinni, E, Vecchione, G, Vergura, P, et al.. Venous thromboembolism in assisted reproductive technologies: comparison between unsuccessful versus successful cycles in an Italian cohort. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018;45:234\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11239-017-1584-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-017-1584-z"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czihal, M, Hoffmann, U. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Vasc Med 2011;16:191\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1358863x10395657.","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X10395657"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grandone, E, Di Micco, PP, Villani, M, Colaizzo, D, Fernandez-Capitan, C, Del Toro, J, et al.. RIETE investigators. Venous thromboembolism in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies: data from the RIETE registry. Thromb Haemostasis 2018;118:1962\u20131968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1673402.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673402"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, SM, Rajasekhar, A, Middeldorp, S, McLintock, C, Rodger, MA, James, AH, et al.. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy. Blood Adv 2018;2:3317\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018024802.","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018024802"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prusova, K, Churcher, L, Tyler, A, Lokugamage, AU. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Guidelines: how evidence-based are they? J Obstet Gynaecol 2014;34:706\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01443615.2014.920794.","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2014.920794"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michikawa, T, Nitta, H, Nakayama, SF, Yamazaki, S, Isobe, T, Tamura, K, et al.. Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study Group. Baseline profile of participants in the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS). J Epidemiol 2018;28:99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20170018.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170018"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugiura-Ogasawara, M, Ebara, T, Matsuki, T, Yamada, Y, Omori, T, Yosuke Matsumoto, Y, et al.. Japan Environment & Children\u2019s Study (JECS). Endometriosis and recurrent pregnancy loss as new risk factors for venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and post-partum: the JECS birth cohort. Thromb Haemostasis 2019;119:606\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1677733.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1677733"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, R, Honda, S, Kawasaki, T, Tsuji, H, Madoiwa, S, Sakata, Y, et al.. Protein S-K196E mutation as a genetic risk factor for deep vein thrombosis in Japanese patients. Blood 2006;107:1737\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2005-09-3892.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-09-3892"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giudice, LC. Clinical practice. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2389\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmcp1000274.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1000274"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyakis, S, Lockshin, MD, Atsumi, T, Branch, DW, Brey, RL, Cervera, R, et al.. International concensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipide syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemostasis 2006;4:295\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereza, N, Ostoji\u0107, S, Kapovi\u0107, M, Peterlin, B. Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies in idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril 2017;107:150\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.10.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.10.007"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoroh, EM, Hooper, WC, Atrash, HK, Yusuf, HR, Boulet, SL. Is polycystic ovary syndrome another risk factor for venous thromboembolism? United States, 2003\u20132008. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:377.e1\u2013e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.08.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.08.007"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Cott, EM, Khor, B, Zehnder, JL. Factor V Leiden. Am J Hematol 2016;91:46\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.24222.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24222"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlbaeck, B. Early days of APC resistance and FV Leiden. Haemostaseologie 2008;28:103\u20139.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1617167"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannucci, PM, Franchini, M. Classic thrombophilic gene variants. Thromb Haemostasis 2015;114:885\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/TH15-02-0141.","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-02-0141"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louis-Jacques, AF, Maggio, L, Romero, ST. Prenatal screening for thrombophilias: indications and controversies, an update. Clin Lab Med 2016;36:421\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cll.2016.01.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2016.01.016"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, PV, Rawley, O, Smith, OP, O\u2019Donnell, JS. Elevated Factor VIII levels and risk of venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol 2012;157:653\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2012.09134.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2012.09134.x"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchini, M, Mannucci, PM. ABO blood group and thrombotic vascular disease. Thromb Haemostasis 2014;112:1103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/TH14-05-0457.","DOI":"10.1160\/th14-05-0457"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timp, JF, Lijfering, WM, Flinterman, LE, van Hylckama Vlieg, A, le Cessie, S, Rosendaal, FR, et al.. Predictive value of factor VIII levels for recurrent venous thrombosis: results from the MEGA follow-up study. J\u00a0Thromb Haemostasis 2015;13:1823\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.13113.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13113"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parunov, LA, Soshitova, NP, Ovanesov, MA, Panteleev, MA, SerebrivskyII. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with pregnancy. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2015;105:167\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrc.21105.","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21105"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomp, ER, Lenselink, AM, Rosendaal, FR, Doggen, CJM. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemostasis 2008;6:632\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02921.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02921.x"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefano, VD, Grandone, E, Martinelli, I. Recommendations for prophylaxis of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism in carriers of inherited thrombophilia. Comment on the 2012 ACCP Guidelines. J Thromb Haemostasis 2013;11:1779\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.12330.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12330"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croles, FN, Nasserinejad, K, Duvekot, JJ, Kruip, MJ, Meijer, K, Leebeek, FW. Pregnancy, thrombophilia, and the risk of a first venous thrombosis: systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. BMJ 2017;359:j4452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j4452.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4452"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuker, A. Clinical scoring system in thrombosis and hemostasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2017;43:447\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0037-1602661.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602661"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calhaz-Jorge, C, de Geyter, C, Kupka, MS, de Mouzon, J, Erb, K, Mocanu, E, et al.. European IVF Monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2012: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 2016;31:1638\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dew151.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew151"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delvigne, A, Rozenberg, S. Epidemiology and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): a review. Hum Reprod Update 2002;8:559\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/8.6.559.","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/8.6.559"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szpera-Gozdzievich, A, Majcherek, M, Boruczkowski, M, Gozdziewicz, T, Dworacki, G, Wicherek, L, et al.. Circulating endothelial cells, circulating endothelial progenitor cells and von Willebrand factor in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017;77:\u043512625.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12625"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_071","unstructured":"Lattuada, A, Rossi, E, Calzarossa, C, Candolfi, R, Mannucci, PM. Mild to moderate reduction of a von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13) in pregnant women with HELLP microangiopatic syndrome. Hematologica 2003;88:1029\u201334."},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aref, S, Goda, H. Increased VWF antigen levels and decreased ADAMTS13 activity in preeclampsia. Hematology 2013;18:237\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1607845412y.0000000070.","DOI":"10.1179\/1607845412Y.0000000070"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trigg, DE, Wood, MG, Kouides, PA, Kadir, RA. Hormonal influence on hemostasis in women. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011;37:77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1270074.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270074"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenting, PJ, Casari, C, Christophe, OD, Denis, CV. von Willebrand factor: the old, the new and the unknown. J Thromb Haemostasis 2012;10:2428\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.12008.","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12008"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabro, P, Gragnano, F, Golia, E, Grove, EL. Von Willebrand factor and venous thromboembolism: pathogenic link and therapeutic implications. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018;44:249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0037-1605564.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1605564"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxa, A, Mattia, E, Tonello, M, Grava, C, Pengo, V, Ruffatti, A. Antiphosphatidylserine\/antiprothrombin antibodies as biomarkers to identify severe primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017;55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2016-0638.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0638"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchini, M, Martinelli, I, Mannucci, PM. Uncertain thrombophilia markers. Thromb Haemostasis 2016;115:25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/th15-06-0478.","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-06-0478"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthony, W, Austin, A, Wissmann, T, von Kanel, R. Stress and haemostasis: an update. Semin Thromb 2013;39:902\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0033-1357487.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1357487"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L, Wang, QY, Cheng, ZP, Hu, B, Liu, JD, Hu, Y. Air pollution and venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:32794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep32794.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32794"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giaglis, S, Stoikou, M, Sur Chowdhury, C, Schaefer, G, Grimolizzi, F, Rossi, SW, et al.. Multimodal regulation of NET formation in pregnancy: progesterone antagonizes the pro-NETotic effect of estrogen and G-CSF. Front Immunol 2016;7:565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00565.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00565"},{"key":"2023040100573174968_j_jpm-2022-0008_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheres, LJJ, Lijfering, WM, Cannegieter, SC. Current and future burden of venous thrombosis: not simply predictable. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018;2:199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rth2.12101.","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12101"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2022-0008\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2022-0008\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T17:26:30Z","timestamp":1680369990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2022-0008\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"references-count":81,"aliases":["10.1515\/jpm-2020-0011"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2022-0008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2022-0008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]}}}