{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:59:15Z","timestamp":1782151155520,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sonographic short cervix is one of the strongest predictors of preterm delivery. However, the cellular immune composition of amniotic fluid in women with a short cervix has not yet been described. Herein, we determined cellular and soluble immune responses in amniotic fluid from pregnant women with a mid-trimester asymptomatic short cervix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amniotic fluid samples (n=77) were collected from asymptomatic women with a cervical length between 15 and 25\u00a0mm (n=36, short cervix) or \u226415\u00a0mm (n=41, severely short cervix) diagnosed by ultrasound. Flow cytometry and multiplex measurement of cytokines\/chemokines were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) The cellular immune composition of amniotic fluid did not differ between women with a severely short cervix (\u226415\u00a0mm) and those with a short cervix 15\u201325\u00a0mm; (2) amniotic fluid concentrations of multiple cytokines\/chemokines were higher in women with a severely short cervix (\u226415\u00a0mm) than in those with a short cervix 15\u201325\u00a0mm; (3) the cellular immune composition of amniotic fluid did not differ between women with a severely short cervix (\u226415\u00a0mm) who ultimately underwent preterm delivery and those who delivered at term; and (4) amniotic fluid concentrations of IL-2, but not other immune mediators, were increased in women with a severely short cervix (\u226415\u00a0mm) who ultimately delivered preterm compared to those who delivered at term.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with a severely short cervix (\u226415\u00a0mm) have increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in the amniotic cavity; yet, these do not translate to changes in the cellular immune response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1614503172000},"page":"665-676","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cellular immune responses in amniotic fluid of women with a sonographic short cervix"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jose","family":"Galaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Detroit Medical Center , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustyn","family":"Levenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Para","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneesha","family":"Varrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia S.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health, Integrative Biosciences Center , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaur-Dong","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda , MD , and Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Office of Women's Health , Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_001_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Kusanovic, JP, Gotsch, F, Hassan, S, Erez, O, et al. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG 2006;113(Suppl 3):17\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01120.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01120.x"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_002_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, RL, Culhane, JF, Iams, JD, Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008;371:75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aoa.0000344666.82463.8d.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aoa.0000344666.82463.8d"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_003_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Renzo, GC. The great obstetrical syndromes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22:633\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050902866804.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050902866804"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_004_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brosens, I, Pijnenborg, R, Vercruysse, L, Romero, R. The \u201cGreat Obstetrical Syndromes\u201d are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.009"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_005_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L, Oza, S, Hogan, D, Perin, J, Rudan, I, Lawn, JE, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 2015;385:430\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)61698-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_006_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chawanpaiboon, S, Vogel, JP, Moller, AB, Lumbiganon, P, Petzold, M, Hogan, D, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2019;7:e37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(18)30451-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_007_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, HF, Nugent, CE, Wanty, SD, Hayashi, RH. Prediction of risk for preterm delivery by ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:859\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91084-p.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91084-P"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_008_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iams, JD, Goldenberg, RL, Meis, PJ, Mercer, BM, Moawad, A, Das, A, et al. The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network. N Engl J Med 1996;334:567\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199602293340904.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340904"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_009_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, RL, Iams, JD, Mercer, BM, Meis, PJ, Moawad, AH, Copper, RL, et al. The preterm prediction study: the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. NICHD MFMU Network. Am J Public Health 1998;88:233\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.88.2.233.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.2.233"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_010_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heath, VC, Southall, TR, Souka, AP, Elisseou, A, Nicolaides, KH. Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:312\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1998.12050312.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1998.12050312.x"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_011_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, WJ, Stevens, D, Welter, S, Day, D. Observations on the sonographic measurement of cervical length and the risk of premature birth. J Matern Fetal Med 1999;8:17\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1520-6661(199901\/02)8:1<17::aid-mfm4>3.0.co;2-r.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6661(199901\/02)8:1<17::AID-MFM4>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_012_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berghella, V, Daly, SF, Tolosa, JE, DiVito, MM, Chalmers, R, Garg, N, et al. Prediction of preterm delivery with transvaginal ultrasonography of the cervix in patients with high-risk pregnancies: does cerclage prevent prematurity? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:809\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70306-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70306-6"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_013_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, SS, Romero, R, Berry, SM, Dang, K, Blackwell, SC, Treadwell, MC, et al. Patients with an ultrasonographic cervical length < or =15 mm have nearly a 50% risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1458\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2000.106851.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106851"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_014_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To, MS, Skentou, C, Liao, AW, Cacho, A, Nicolaides, KH. Cervical length and funneling at 23 weeks of gestation in the prediction of spontaneous early preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:200\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2001.00437.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2001.00437.x"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_015_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, J, Yost, N, Berghella, V, Thom, E, Swain, M, Dildy, GA3rd, et al. Mid-trimester endovaginal sonography in women at high risk for spontaneous preterm birth. JAMA 2001;286:1340\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.286.11.1340.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.11.1340"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_016_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazaki-Tovi, S, Romero, R, Kusanovic, JP, Erez, O, Pineles, BL, Gotsch, F, et al. Recurrent preterm birth. Semin Perinatol 2007;31:142\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.04.001.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.04.001"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_017_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R. Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: the role of sonographic cervical length in identifying patients who may benefit from progesterone treatment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;30:675\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.5174.","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5174"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_018_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Dey, SK, Fisher, SJ. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science 2014;345:760\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1251816.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_019_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Miranda, J, Chaiworapongsa, T, Chaemsaithong, P, Gotsch, F, Dong, Z, et al. Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: prevalence and clinical significance. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015;28:1343\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2014.954243.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.954243"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_020_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Conde-Agudelo, A, Da Fonseca, E, O\u2019Brien, JM, Cetingoz, E, Creasy, GW, et al. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:161\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.576.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.576"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_021_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Andrade, E, Maymon, E, Luewan, S, Bhatti, G, Mehrmohammadi, M, Erez, O, et al. A soft cervix, categorized by shear-wave elastography, in women with short or with normal cervical length at 18-24 weeks is associated with a higher prevalence of spontaneous preterm delivery. J Perinat Med 2018;46:489\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2018-0062.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0062"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_022_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conde-Agudelo, A, Romero, R, Da Fonseca, E, O\u2019Brien, JM, Cetingoz, E, Creasy, GW, et al. Vaginal progesterone is as effective as cervical cerclage to prevent preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation, previous spontaneous preterm birth, and a short cervix: updated indirect comparison meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219:10\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.03.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.03.028"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_023_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, CZ, Ho, N, Nguyen, AD, Lehner, C, Sekar, R, Amoako, AA. The risk of preterm delivery and pregnancy outcomes in women with asymptomatic short cervix: a retrospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2019.1647163.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1647163"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_024_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaisbuch, E, Hassan, SS, Mazaki-Tovi, S, Nhan-Chang, CL, Kusanovic, JP, Chaiworapongsa, T, et al. Patients with an asymptomatic short cervix (<or=15 mm) have a high rate of subclinical intraamniotic inflammation: implications for patient counseling. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:433.e1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.02.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.02.007"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_025_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarca, AL, Fitzgerald, W, Chaemsaithong, P, Xu, Z, Hassan, SS, Grivel, JC, et al. The cytokine network in women with an asymptomatic short cervix and the risk of preterm delivery. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017;78:e12686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12686.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12686"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_026_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Erez, O, Hassan, S. The role of cervical cerclage in obstetric practice: can the patient who could benefit from this procedure be identified? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.12.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.12.002"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_027_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Yeo, L, Miranda, J, Hassan, SS, Conde-Agudelo, A, Chaiworapongsa, T. A blueprint for the prevention of preterm birth: vaginal progesterone in women with a short cervix. J Perinat Med 2013;41:27\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2012-0272.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2012-0272"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_028_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moinian, M, Andersch, B. Does cervix conization increase the risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1982;61:101\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016348209156537.","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348209156537"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_029_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristensen, J, Langhoff-Roos, J, Wittrup, M, Bock, JE. Cervical conization and preterm delivery\/low birth weight. A systematic review of the literature. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:640\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016349309021157.","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349309021157"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_030_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raio, L, Ghezzi, F, Di Naro, E, Gomez, R, Luscher, KP. Duration of pregnancy after carbon dioxide laser conization of the cervix: influence of cone height. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:978\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0029-7844(97)00489-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00489-4"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_031_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berghella, V, Pereira, L, Gariepy, A, Simonazzi, G. Prior cone biopsy: prediction of preterm birth by cervical ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1393\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.087.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.087"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_032_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruinsma, FJ, Quinn, MA. The risk of preterm birth following treatment for precancerous changes in the cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2011;118:1031\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02944.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02944.x"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_033_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, ES, Grobman, WA. The association between cervical excisional procedures, midtrimester cervical length, and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:242.e1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.004"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_034_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, ES, Sakowicz, A, Grobman, WA. The association between cervical dysplasia, a short cervix, and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:543 e1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.036.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.036"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_035_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S, Chen, S, Naqvi, M, Saltzman, DH, Rebarber, A, Monteagudo, A, et al. Change in cervical length and spontaneous preterm birth in nulliparous women with a history of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (*). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2019.1657087.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1657087"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_036_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c36Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, MS, Hochman, M. Incompetent cervix in a hormone-exposed offspring. Obstet Gynecol 1978;51:625\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006250-197805000-00026.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-197805000-00026"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_037_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c37Aa","unstructured":"Goldstein, DP. Incompetent cervix in offspring exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1978;52:73S\u20135S."},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_038_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c38Aa","unstructured":"Mangan, CE, Borow, L, Burtnett-Rubin, MM, Egan, V, Giuntoli, RL, Mikuta, JJ. Pregnancy outcome in 98 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero, their mothers, and unexposed siblings. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:315\u20139."},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_039_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c39Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludmir, J, Landon, MB, Gabbe, SG, Samuels, P, Mennuti, MT. Management of the diethylstilbestrol-exposed pregnant patient: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:665\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(87)80025-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80025-X"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_040_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c40Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, JM, Falcone, T. Effect of diethylstilbestrol on reproductive function. Fertil Steril 1999;72:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(99)00153-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00153-3"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_041_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c41Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hordnes, K. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994;73:671\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016349409029400.","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349409029400"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_042_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c42Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ploeckinger, B, Ulm, MR, Chalubinski, K. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type II in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 1997;14:99\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-994106.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994106"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_043_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c43Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kindinger, LM, Bennett, PR, Lee, YS, Marchesi, JR, Smith, A, Cacciatore, S, et al. The interaction between vaginal microbiota, cervical length, and vaginal progesterone treatment for preterm birth risk. Microbiome 2017;5:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-016-0223-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0223-9"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_044_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c44Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witkin, SS, Moron, AF, Ridenhour, BJ, Minis, E, Hatanaka, A, Sarmento, SGP, et al. Vaginal biomarkers that predict cervical length and dominant bacteria in the vaginal microbiomes of pregnant women. mBio 2019;10:e02242\u201319 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02242-19.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02242-19"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_045_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c45Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerson, KD, McCarthy, C, Elovitz, MA, Ravel, J, Sammel, MD, Burris, HH. Cervicovaginal microbial communities deficient in Lactobacillus species are associated with second trimester short cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;222:491.e1\u2013491.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1283"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_046_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c46Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Gonzalez, R, Sepulveda, W, Brandt, F, Ramirez, M, Sorokin, Y, et al. Infection and labor. VIII. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in patients with suspected cervical incompetence: prevalence and clinical significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1086\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(12)80043-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80043-3"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_047_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c47Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, S, Romero, R, Hendler, I, Gomez, R, Khalek, N, Espinoza, J, et al. A sonographic short cervix as the only clinical manifestation of intra-amniotic infection. J Perinat Med 2006;34:13\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm.2006.002.","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2006.002"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_048_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c48Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, SE, Romero, R, Park, CW, Jun, JK, Yoon, BH. The frequency and significance of intraamniotic inflammation in patients with cervical insufficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:633.e1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.11.047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.11.047"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_049_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c49Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiefer, DG, Keeler, SM, Rust, OA, Wayock, CP, Vintzileos, AM, Hanna, N. Is midtrimester short cervix a sign of intraamniotic inflammation? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:374.e1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.01.047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.01.047"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_050_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c50Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeler, SM, Kiefer, DG, Rust, OA, Vintzileos, A, Atlas, RO, Bornstein, E, et al. Comprehensive amniotic fluid cytokine profile evaluation in women with a short cervix: which cytokine(s) correlates best with outcome? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:276.e1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.05.045.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.05.045"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_051_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c51Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiefer, DG, Keeler, SM, Rust, O, Chow, SS, Craig, ME, Peltier, MR, et al. Amniotic fluid inflammatory score is associated with pregnancy outcome in patients with mid trimester short cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:68.e1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.08.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.08.002"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_052_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c52Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Chaiworapongsa, T, Kalache, K. Infection and prematurity and the role of preventive strategies. Semin Neonatol 2002;7:259\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/siny.2002.0121.","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2002.0121"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_053_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c53Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncalves, LF, Chaiworapongsa, T, Romero, R. Intrauterine infection and prematurity. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002;8:3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.10008.","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10008"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_054_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c54Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Goncalves, LF, Kusanovic, JP, Friel, LA, Nien, JK. Inflammation in preterm and term labour and delivery. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;11:317\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.siny.2006.05.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.05.001"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_055_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c55Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Goncalves, LF, Kusanovic, JP, Friel, L, Hassan, S. The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:21\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-956773.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-956773"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_056_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c56Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monckeberg, M, Valdes, R, Kusanovic, JP, Schepeler, M, Nien, JK, Pertossi, E, et al. Patients with acute cervical insufficiency without intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation treated with cerclage have a good prognosis. J Perinat Med 2019;47:500\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2018-0388.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0388"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_057_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c57Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Gomez-Lopez, N, Winters, AD, Jung, E, Shaman, M, Bieda, J, et al. Evidence that intra-amniotic infections are often the result of an ascending invasion \u2013 a molecular microbiological study. J Perinat Med 2019;47:915\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2019-0297.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0297"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_058_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c58Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, KJ, Romero, R, Park, JY, Lee, J, Conde-Agudelo, A, Hong, JS, et al. Evidence that antibiotic administration is effective in the treatment of a subset of patients with intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation presenting with cervical insufficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;221:140. e1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.017"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_059_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c59Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, KJ, Romero, R, Park, JY, Hong, JS, Yoon, BH. The earlier the gestational age, the greater the intensity of the intra-amniotic inflammatory response in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes and amniotic fluid infection by ureaplasma species. J Perinat Med 2019;47:516\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2019-0003.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0003"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_060_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c60Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, BH, Romero, R, Park, JY, Oh, KJ, Lee, J, Conde-Agudelo, A, et al. Antibiotic administration can eradicate intra-amniotic infection or intra-amniotic inflammation in a subset of patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;221:142 e1\u2013e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.018"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_061_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c61Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theis, KR, Romero, R, Motomura, K, Galaz, J, Winters, AD, Pacora, P, et al. Microbial burden and inflammasome activation in amniotic fluid of patients with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Perinat Med 2020;48:115\u201331.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0398"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_062_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c62Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, KJ, Romero, R, Park, JY, Kang, J, Hong, JS, Yoon, BH. A high concentration of fetal fibronectin in cervical secretions increases the risk of intra-amniotic infection and inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. J Perinat Med 2019;47:288\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2018-0351.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0351"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_063_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c63Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, BH, Romero, R, Moon, JB, Shim, SS, Kim, M, Kim, G, et al. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1130\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2001.117680.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117680"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_064_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c64Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Miranda, J, Chaiworapongsa, T, Korzeniewski, SJ, Chaemsaithong, P, Gotsch, F, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014;72:458\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12296.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_065_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c65Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Miranda, J, Chaemsaithong, P, Chaiworapongsa, T, Kusanovic, JP, Dong, Z, et al. Sterile and microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Me 2015;28:1394\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2014.958463.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.958463"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_066_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c66Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Panaitescu, B, Leng, Y, Xu, Y, Tarca, AL, et al. Inflammasome activation during spontaneous preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection or sterile intra-amniotic inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018;80:e13049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13049.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13049"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_067_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c67Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musilova, I, Andrys, C, Drahosova, M, Soucek, O, Pliskova, L, Jacobsson, B, et al. Cervical fluid interleukin 6 and intra-amniotic complications of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018;31:827\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2017.1297792.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1297792"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_068_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c68Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Maymon, E, Kusanovic, JP, Panaitescu, B, Miller, D, et al. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term IX: in vivo evidence of intra-amniotic inflammasome activation. J Perinat Med 2019;47:276\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2018-0271.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0271"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_069_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c69Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Tarca, AL, Miller, D, Panaitescu, B, Schwenkel, G, et al. Gasdermin D: evidence of pyroptosis in spontaneous preterm labor with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation or intra-amniotic infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019;82:e13184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13184.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13184"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_070_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c70Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peiris, HN, Romero, R, Vaswani, K, Reed, S, Gomez-Lopez, N, Tarca, AL, et al. Preterm labor is characterized by a high abundance of amniotic fluid prostaglandins in patients with intra-amniotic infection or sterile intra-amniotic inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2019.1702953.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1702953"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_071_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c71Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musilova, I, Kolackova, M, Andrys, C, Drahosova, M, Baranova, I, Chmelarova, M, et al. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2019.1615049.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1615049"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_072_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c72Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Xu, Y, Miller, D, Leng, Y, Panaitescu, B, et al. The immunophenotype of amniotic fluid leukocytes in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018;79:e12827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12827.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12827"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_073_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c73Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Varea, A, Romero, R, Xu, Y, Miller, D, Ahmed, AI, Chaemsaithong, P, et al. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term VII: the amniotic fluid cellular immune response. J Perinat Med 2017;45:523\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2016-0225.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2016-0225"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_074_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c74Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Galaz, J, Xu, Y, Panaitescu, B, Slutsky, R, et al. Cellular immune responses in amniotic fluid of women with preterm labor and intra-amniotic infection or intra-amniotic inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019;82:e13171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13171.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13171"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_075_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c75Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galaz, J, Romero, R, Xu, Y, Miller, D, Slutsky, R, Levenson, D, et al. Cellular immune responses in amniotic fluid of women with preterm clinical chorioamnionitis. Inflamm Res 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-019-01308-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01308-x"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_076_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c76Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galaz, J, Romero, R, Slutsky, R, Xu, Y, Motomura, K, Para, R, et al. Cellular immune responses in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2020.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0395"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_077_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c77Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, GH, You, YA, Kwon, EJ, Lee, KY, Kim, YJ. Comparative analysis of midtrimester amniotic fluid cytokine levels to predict spontaneous very pre-term birth in patients with cervical insufficiency. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016;75:155\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12451.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12451"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_078_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c78Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, YM, Park, KH, Park, H, Yoo, HN, Kook, SY, Jeon, SJ. Complement C3a, but not C5a, levels in amniotic fluid are associated with intra-amniotic infection and\/or inflammation and preterm delivery in women with cervical insufficiency or an asymptomatic short cervix (<\/= 25 mm). J Korean Med Sci 2018;33:e220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e220.","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e220"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_079_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c79Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musilova, I, Andrys, C, Holeckova, M, Kolarova, V, Pliskova, L, Drahosova, M, et al. Interleukin-6 measured using the automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method for the identification of intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018:1\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2018.1533947.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1533947"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_080_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c80Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, CJ, Romero, R, Chaemsaithong, P, Chaiyasit, N, Yoon, BH, Kim, YM. Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:S29\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_081_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c81Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Kim, YM, Pacora, P, Kim, CJ, Benshalom-Tirosh, N, Jaiman, S, et al. The frequency and type of placental histologic lesions in term pregnancies with normal outcome. J Perinat Med 2018;46:613\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2018-0055.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0055"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_082_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c82Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redline, RW. Classification of placental lesions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:S21\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.056.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.056"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_083_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c83Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Quintero, R, Nores, J, Avila, C, Mazor, M, Hanaoka, S, et al. Amniotic fluid white blood cell count: a rapid and simple test to diagnose microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and predict preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:821\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90423-o.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90423-O"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_084_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c84Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Emamian, M, Quintero, R, Wan, M, Hobbins, JC, Mazor, M, et al. The value and limitations of the Gram stain examination in the diagnosis of intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:114\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(88)90503-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(88)90503-0"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_085_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c85Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Jimenez, C, Lohda, AK, Nores, J, Hanaoka, S, Avila, C, et al. Amniotic fluid glucose concentration: a rapid and simple method for the detection of intraamniotic infection in preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:968\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-7292(91)90332-y.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(91)90332-Y"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_086_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c86Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Xu, Y, Miller, D, Arenas-Hernandez, M, Garcia-Flores, V, et al. Fetal T cell activation in the amniotic cavity during preterm labor: a potential mechanism for a subset of idiopathic preterm birth. J Immunol 2019;203:1793\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1900621.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900621"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_087_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c87Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Xu, Y, Leng, Y, Garcia-Flores, V, Miller, D, et al. Are amniotic fluid neutrophils in women with intraamniotic infection and\/or inflammation of fetal or maternal origin?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:693. e1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.09.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.09.013"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_088_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c88Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Leng, Y, Xu, Y, Slutsky, R, Levenson, D, et al. The origin of amniotic fluid monocytes\/macrophages in women with intra-amniotic inflammation or infection. J Perinat Med 2019;47:822\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2019-0262.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0262"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_089_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c89Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Xu, Y, Miller, D, Unkel, R, Shaman, M, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in the amniotic cavity of women with intra-amniotic infection: a new mechanism of host defense. Reprod Sci 2017;24:1139\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719116678690.","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116678690"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_090_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c90Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Romero, R, Garcia-Flores, V, Xu, Y, Leng, Y, Alhousseini, A, et al. Amniotic fluid neutrophils can phagocytize bacteria: a mechanism for microbial killing in the amniotic cavity. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017;78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12723.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12723"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_091_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c91Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novakovic, TR, Dolicanin, ZC, Djordjevic, NZ. Effects of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism on amniotic fluid cells oxidative status. Reprod Toxicol 2018;78:97\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.04.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.04.002"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_092_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c92Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero-Marcotegui, A, Larranaga-Azcarate, C, Ceres-Ruiz, R, Garcia-Merlo, S. Polymorphonuclear elastase and interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid in preterm labor. Clin Chem 1997;43:857\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/43.5.857.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.5.857"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_093_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c93Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmig, BR, Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Chaiworapongsa, T, Bujold, E, Gomez, R, et al. Neutrophil elastase and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in prelabor rupture of membranes, parturition and intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;12:237\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/jmf.12.4.237.246.","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.4.237.246"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_094_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c94Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Kusanovic, JP, Gotsch, F, Erez, O, Vaisbuch, E, Mazaki-Tovi, S, et al. Isobaric labeling and tandem mass spectrometry: a novel approach for profiling and quantifying proteins differentially expressed in amniotic fluid in preterm labor with and without intra-amniotic infection\/inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:261\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050903067386.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050903067386"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_095_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c95Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heine, RP, Wiesenfeld, H, Mortimer, L, Greig, PC. Amniotic fluid defensins: potential markers of subclinical intrauterine infection. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:513\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/514691.","DOI":"10.1086\/514691"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_096_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c96Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, J, Chaiworapongsa, T, Romero, R, Edwin, S, Rathnasabapathy, C, Gomez, R, et al. Antimicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid: defensins, calprotectin and bacterial\/permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003;13:2\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/jmf.13.1.2.21.","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.1.2.21"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_097_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c97Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinbi, HT, Narendran, V, Pass, AK, Markart, P, Hoath, SB. Host defense proteins in vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:2090\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.002"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_098_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c98Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacora, P, Maymon, E, Gervasi, MT, Gomez, R, Edwin, SS, Yoon, BH, et al. Lactoferrin in intrauterine infection, human parturition, and rupture of fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:904\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2000.108882.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108882"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_099_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2c99Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musilova, I, Andrys, C, Krejsek, J, Drahosova, M, Zednikova, B, Pliskova, L, et al. Amniotic fluid pentraxins: Potential early markers for identifying intra-amniotic inflammatory complications in preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018;79:e12789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12789.","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12789"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_100_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d100Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravett, MG, Novy, MJ, Rosenfeld, RG, Reddy, AP, Jacob, T, Turner, M, et al. Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection by proteomic profiling and identification of novel biomarkers. JAMA 2004;292:462\u20139.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.4.462"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_101_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d101Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myntti, T, Rahkonen, L, Nupponen, I, Patari-Sampo, A, Tikkanen, M, Sorsa, T, et al. Amniotic fluid infection in preterm pregnancies with intact membranes. Dis Markers 2017;2017:8167276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/8167276.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8167276"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_102_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d102Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musilova, I, Andrys, C, Drahosova, M, Soucek, O, Pliskova, L, Stepan, M, et al. Amniotic fluid cathepsin-G in pregnancies complicated by the preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;30:2097\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2016.1237499.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1237499"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_103_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d103Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doster, RS, Sutton, JA, Rogers, LM, Aronoff, DM, Gaddy, JA. Streptococcus agalactiae induces placental macrophages to release extracellular traps loaded with tissue remodeling enzymes via an oxidative burst-dependent mechanism. mBio 2018;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/440685.","DOI":"10.1101\/440685"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_104_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d104Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, T, Nariuchi, H. T cell activation through TCR\/-CD3 complex. IL-2 production of T cell clones stimulated with anti-CD3 without cross-linkage. J Immunol 1992;148:2370\u20137.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.8.2370"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_105_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d105Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Grivel, JC, Tarca, AL, Chaemsaithong, P, Xu, Z, Fitzgerald, W, et al. Evidence of perturbations of the cytokine network in preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:836 e1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.037"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_106_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d106Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatti, G, Romero, R, Rice, GE, Fitzgerald, W, Pacora, P, Gomez-Lopez, N, et al. Compartmentalized profiling of amniotic fluid cytokines in women with preterm labor. PLoS One 2020;15:e0227881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227881.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227881"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_107_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d107Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams Waldorf, KM, Singh, N, Mohan, AR, Young, RC, Ngo, L, Das, A, et al. Uterine overdistention induces preterm labor mediated by inflammation: observations in pregnant women and nonhuman primates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:830. e1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.028"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_108_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d108Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malak, TM, Bell, SC. Structural characteristics of term human fetal membranes: a novel zone of extreme morphological alteration within the rupture site. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:375\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11908.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11908.x"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_109_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d109Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaren, J, Taylor, DJ, Bell, SC. Increased incidence of apoptosis in non-labour-affected cytotrophoblast cells in term fetal membranes overlying the cervix. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2895\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2895.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2895"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_110_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d110Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Khwad, M, Stetzer, B, Moore, RM, Kumar, D, Mercer, B, Arikat, S, et al. Term human fetal membranes have a weak zone overlying the lower uterine pole and cervix before onset of labor. Biol Reprod 2005;72:720\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033647.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033647"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_111_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d111Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Khwad, M, Pandey, V, Stetzer, B, Mercer, BM, Kumar, D, Moore, RM, et al. Fetal membranes from term vaginal deliveries have a zone of weakness exhibiting characteristics of apoptosis and remodeling. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2006;13:191\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.12.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.12.010"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_112_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d112Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nhan-Chang, CL, Romero, R, Tarca, AL, Mittal, P, Kusanovic, JP, Erez, O, et al. Characterization of the transcriptome of chorioamniotic membranes at the site of rupture in spontaneous labor at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:462. e1\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.02.045.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.02.045"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_113_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d113Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Vadillo-Perez, L, Hernandez-Carbajal, A, Godines-Enriquez, M, Olson, DM, Vadillo-Ortega, F. Specific inflammatory microenvironments in the zones of the fetal membranes at term delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:235 e15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.04.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.04.019"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_114_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d114Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elfayomy, AK, Almasry, SM. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in different zones of fetal membranes: a possible relation to onset of labor. J Mol Histol 2014;45:243\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10735-013-9553-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-013-9553-0"},{"key":"2021022808365426890_j_jpm-2020-0037_ref_115_w2aab3b7c23b1b6b1ab2b2d115Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcellin, L, Schmitz, T, Messaoudene, M, Chader, D, Parizot, C, Jacques, S, et al. Immune modifications in fetal membranes overlying the cervix precede parturition in humans. J Immunol 2017;198:1345\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1601482.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601482"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0037\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0037\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T05:01:43Z","timestamp":1697950903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0037\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2020-0037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-3997","0300-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]}}}