{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:44:17Z","timestamp":1790876657853,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2020-0352_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the causes of fetal death among the stillbirths using two classification systems from 22\u00a0weeks of gestation in a period of three years in high-risk pregnancies. This is a retrospective observational study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2020-0352_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The National Institute of Perinatal Health in Mexico City is a Level 3 care referral center attending high-risk pregnancies from throughout the country. The population consisted of patients with fetal death during a three-year period. Between January 2016 and December 2018, all stillbirths were examined in the Pathology Department by a pathologist and a medical geneticist. Stillbirth was defined as a fetal death occurring after 22\u00a0weeks of gestation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2020-0352_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Main outcome measures: Causal analysis of fetal death using the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems-Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM) and initial causes of fetal death (INCODE) classification systems. A total of 297 stillborn neonates were studied. The distribution of gestational age in antepartum stillbirths (55.2%) showed a bimodal curve, 36% occurred between 24 and 27\u00a0weeks and 32% between 32 and 36\u00a0weeks. In comparison, the majority (86%) of intrapartum deaths (44.8%) were less than 28\u00a0weeks of gestation. Of the 273 women enrolled, 93 (34%) consented to a complete fetal autopsy. The INCODE system showed a present cause in 42%, a possible cause in 54% and a probable cause in 93% of patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2020-0352_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The principal causes of antepartum death were fetal abnormalities and pathologic placental conditions and the principal causes of intrapartum death were complications of pregnancy which caused a premature labor and infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T21:05:45Z","timestamp":1616101545000},"page":"740-747","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Causal analysis of fetal death in high-risk pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Aguinaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolotzin","family":"Valdespino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Espino y Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirection of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalba","family":"Sevilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal Fetal Medicine Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma E.","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addy C.","family":"Helguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiochemistry Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa F.","family":"Mariscal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio R.","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica C.","family":"Armijos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Rogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics and Genomics Department , Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda , Mexico City , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Froen, JF, Cacciatore, J, McClure, EM, Kuti, O, Hakeem, A, Islam, M, et al.. Stillbirths: why they matter. Lancet 2011;377:1353\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62232-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62232-5"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_002","unstructured":"UNICEF, WHO. Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths. Geneva: WHO; 2014."},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_003","unstructured":"INEGI. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda. Mortalidad fetal. Available from: http:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/lib\/olap\/consulta\/general_ver4\/MDXQueryDatos.asp?proy=mortfet_mf."},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinebrant, HE, Leisher, SH, Coory, M, Henry, S, Wojcieszek, AM, Gardener, G, et al.. Making stillbirths visible: a systematic review of globally reported causes of stillbirth. BJOG 2018;125:212\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.14971.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14971"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, JM, Christiansen-Lindquist, L, Thorsten, V, Parker, CB, Reddy, UM, Dudley, DJ, et al.. Diagnostic tests for evaluation of stillbirth: results from the stillbirth collaborative research network. Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:699\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0000000000001937.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001937"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korteweg, F, Erwich, JJ, Timmer, A, van der Meer, J, Ravis\u00e9, J, Veeger, N, et al.. Evaluation of 1025 fetal deaths: proposed diagnostic workup. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:53.e1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.10.026.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.10.026"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. Causes of death among stillbirths. J Am Med Assoc 2011;306:2459\u201368.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1823"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korteweg, F, Erwich, JJ, Holm, J, Raivis\u00e9, J, van der Meer, J, Veeger, N, et al.. Diverse placental pathologies as the main cause of fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:809\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0b013e3181b72ebe.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181b72ebe"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye-Petersen, OM, Guinn, DA, Wenstrom, KD. Value of perinatal autopsy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:915\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006250-199912000-00003.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199912000-00003"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudley, DJ, Goldenberg, R, Conway, D, Silver, R, Saade, G, Varner, M, et al.. A new system for determining the causes of stillbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:254\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0b013e3181e7d975.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e7d975"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD-PM. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heazell, AEP, Siassakos, D, Blencowe, H, Burden, C, Bhutta, ZA, Cacciatore, J, et al.. Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences. Lancet 2016;387:604\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)00836-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00836-3"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_013","unstructured":"Badillo-L\u00f3pez, C, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mej\u00eda, A, Helguera-Repetto, AC, Salas-Rangel, LP, Rivera-Guti\u00e9rrez, S, Cerna-Cort\u00e9s, JF, et al.. Differential expression of dnaA and dosR genes among members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex under oxic and hypoxic conditions. Int Microbiol 2010;13:9\u201313."},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aminu, M, Unkels, R, Mdegela, M, Utz, B, Adaji, S, ven den Broek, N. Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. BJOG 2014;121:141\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.12995.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12995"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_015","unstructured":"Copper, RL, Goldenberg, RL, DuBard, MB, Davis, RO. Risk factors for fetal death in white, black, and Hispanic women. Collaborative group on preterm birth prevention. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:490\u20135."},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClure, EM, Garces, A, Saleem, S, Moore, JL, Bose, CL, Esamai, F, et al.. Global network for women\u2019s and children\u2019s health research: probable causes of stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries using a prospectively defined classification system. BJOG 2018;125:131\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.14493.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14493"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, RL, McClure, EM, Saleem, S, Reddy, UM. Infection-related stillbirths. Lancet 2010;375:1482\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)61712-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61712-8"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, RL, Harrison, MS, McClure, EM. Stillbirths: the hidden birth asphyxia\u00a0\u2013 US and global perspectives. Clin Perinatol 2016;43:439\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2016.04.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.04.004"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ACOG; SMFM. Management of stillbirth: obstetric care consensus no. 10. Obstet Gynecol 2020;135:747\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003720.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003720"},{"key":"2023040100392614591_j_jpm-2020-0352_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, J, Silver, R. Evaluation of stillbirth. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2018;30:130\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gco.0000000000000441.","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000441"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0352\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T16:05:27Z","timestamp":1680365127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0352\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2020-0352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2020-0352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}}}