{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:58:09Z","timestamp":1789851489766,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Contract No. HHSN275201300006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract No. HHSN275201300006C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2021-0191_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intra-amniotic infection, defined by the presence of microorganisms in the amniotic cavity, is often accompanied by intra-amniotic inflammation. Occasionally, laboratories report the growth of bacteria or the presence of microbial nucleic acids in amniotic fluid in the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation. This study was conducted to determine the clinical significance of the presence of bacteria in amniotic fluid samples in the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2021-0191_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional study included 360 patients with preterm labor and intact membranes who underwent transabdominal amniocentesis for evaluation of the microbial state of the amniotic cavity as well as intra-amniotic inflammation. Cultivation techniques were used to isolate microorganisms, and broad-range polymerase chain reaction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR\/ESI-MS) was utilized to detect the nucleic acids of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2021-0191_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients whose amniotic fluid samples evinced microorganisms but did not indicate inflammation had a similar perinatal outcome to those without microorganisms or inflammation [amniocentesis-to-delivery interval (p=0.31), spontaneous preterm birth before 34\u00a0weeks (p=0.83), acute placental inflammatory lesions (p=1), and composite neonatal morbidity (p=0.8)].<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2021-0191_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The isolation of microorganisms from a sample of amniotic fluid in the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation is indicative of a benign condition, which most likely represents contamination of the specimen during the collection procedure or laboratory processing rather than early colonization or infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T22:12:58Z","timestamp":1625609578000},"page":"1103-1121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bacteria in the amniotic fluid without inflammation: early colonization vs. contamination"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Eunjung","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Detroit Medical Center , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Hyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Theis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dereje W.","family":"Gudicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi L.","family":"Tarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science , College of Engineering, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Diaz-Primera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lami","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaur-Dong","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 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