{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T01:11:42Z","timestamp":1793927502686,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By implementation of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for the diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS) in maternity care, an ethical debate is newly inflamed how to deal with this information. Fears of the consequences of an increased use of NIPT are justified with the same arguments when amniocentesis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) were introduced decades ago. It can be expected that the prevalence of people with DS would significantly increase in Western societies as a result of the increasing age of pregnant women and the improved medical care for people with DS. The net effect as to whether an increasing uptake of NIPT will result in more abortions of fetuses with trisomy 21 cannot be reliably estimated. This holds true since more and more couples will use results of NIPT for information only, but will not opt for termination of pregnancy. Although parents love their children with DS, in a society where reproductive autonomy is seen as an achievement, access to NIPT cannot be limited. On this background, comprehensive and qualified pretest counseling is vital, also to avoid possible stigmatization of people with DS and as the resulting consequence to avoid feared deterioration in their living conditions, for which, however, there is no evidence to date. The personal view of a mother of a child with DS illustrates the complexity in dealing with NIPT, which does not allow simple answers and must be understood as a challenge for society as a whole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T19:35:49Z","timestamp":1622230549000},"page":"965-971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Do non-invasive prenatal tests promote discrimination against people with Down syndrome? What should be done?"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Klaus","family":"Zerres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany"},{"name":"LADR Laborzentrum Recklinghausen , Recklinghausen , Germany"},{"name":"Foundation for Disabled Children, Stiftung f\u00fcr das behinderte Kind , Bonn , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Rudnik-Sch\u00f6neborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria"},{"name":"Foundation for Disabled Children, Stiftung f\u00fcr das behinderte Kind , Bonn , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Holzgreve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany"},{"name":"Foundation for Disabled Children, Stiftung f\u00fcr das behinderte Kind , Bonn , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040100254028945_j_jpm-2021-0204_ref_001","unstructured":"Deutscher Bundestag 14\/173. Sitzung 31. 05 2001."},{"key":"2023040100254028945_j_jpm-2021-0204_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Graaf, G, Buckley, F, Skotko, BG. Estimation of the number of people with Down syndrome in Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 2021;29:402\u201310.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-00748-y"},{"key":"2023040100254028945_j_jpm-2021-0204_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, M, Barrett, A, Choolani, M, Lewis, C, Fisher, J, Chitty, LS. Has noninvasive prenatal testing impacted termination of pregnancy and live birth rates of infants with Down syndrome? Prenat Diagn 2017;37:1281\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.5182.","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5182"},{"key":"2023040100254028945_j_jpm-2021-0204_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presson, AP, Partyka, G, Jensen, KM, Devine, OJ, Rasmussen, SA, McCabe, LL, et al.. Current estimate of Down syndrome population prevalence in the United States. 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Berlin: Deutscher Ethikrat; 2013."},{"key":"2023040100254028945_j_jpm-2021-0204_ref_011","unstructured":"Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (GBA) Pressemitteilung Nr. 26\/219. Nicht-invasiver Test zum Vorliegen von Trisomien als m\u00f6gliche Alternative zu invasivem Eingriff. Available from: https:\/\/www.g-ba.de\/downloads\/34-215-810\/26_2019-09-19_Mu-RL_NIPT.pdf [Assessed 5 Feb 2021]."},{"key":"2023040100254028945_j_jpm-2021-0204_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"How, B, Barton, R, Smidt, A, Valentin, C, Wilson, NJ. \u201cWe would have missed out so much had we terminated\u201d: what fathers of a child with Down syndrome think about current non-invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome. 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