{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:09:45Z","timestamp":1787022585248,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0003_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of targeted ultrasound examination in prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias and to evaluate the predictive values of\u00a0defined ultrasonographic findings of hypospadias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0003_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cases diagnosed with hypospadias in our fetal medicine center were identified on an electronic database. The ultrasound reports, images and hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. The predictive value of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and the predictive values of each sonographic finding were assessed according to the postnatal clinical examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0003_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-nine cases were diagnosed with hypospadias on ultrasound during the 6 years. Nine fetuses with missing postnatal examination records were excluded. Twentytwo of the remaining fetuses had their prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias confirmed in postnatal examinations, indicating a 73.3\u202f% positive predictive value. Normal external genitalia was detected in postnatal examinations of three fetuses. Five fetuses were diagnosed with other external genital abnormalities, including micropenis (n=2), clitoromegaly (n=2), and buried penis with bifid scrotum (n=1) in postnatal examinations. The positive predictive value of prenatal ultrasound for any external genital abnormality was 90\u202f%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0003_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the positive predictive value of ultrasound for genital anomalies is satisfying, it is slightly lower for the specific diagnosis of hypospadias. This reflects overlapping ultrasound findings of different external genitalia anomalies. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the internal and external genital organs, karyotyping and genetic sex determination are essential to achieve a precise prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2023-0003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T09:32:45Z","timestamp":1683279165000},"page":"932-939","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Predictive value of ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias: hints for accurate diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6325-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutfiye","family":"Uygur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zeynep Kamil Women and Children Health Research Hospital, Division of Maternal & Fetal Medicine Istanbul , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugba Sarac","family":"Sivrikoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal & Fetal Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Halil","family":"Kalelioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal & Fetal Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Recep","family":"Has","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal & Fetal Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cigdem Kunt","family":"Isguder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal & Fetal Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayfun","family":"Oktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seher","family":"Basaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atil","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Division of Maternal & Fetal Medicine , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraft, KH, Shukla, AR, Canning, DA. Hypospadias. Urol Clin 2010;37:167\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ucl.2010.03.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2010.03.003"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n, B, Bertollini, R, Castilla, E, Czeizel, A, Knudsen, LB, Martinez-Frias, ML, et al.. A joint international study on the epidemiology of hypospadias. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1986;324:1\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb14935.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb14935.x"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calzolari, E, Contiero, MR, Roncarati, E, Mattiuz, PL, Volpato, S. Aetiological factors in hypospadias. J Med Genet 1986;23:333\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.23.4.333.","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.23.4.333"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devesa, R, Mu\u00f1oz, A, Torrents, M, Comas, C, Carrera, JM. Prenatal diagnosis of isolated hypospadias. Prenat Diagn 1998;18:779\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0223(199808)18:8<779::aid-pd348>3.0.co;2-3.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199808)18:8<779::AID-PD348>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meizner, I, Mashiach, R, Shalev, J, Efrat, Z, Feldberg, D. The \u2018tulip sign\u2019: a sonographic clue for in-utero diagnosis of severe hypospadias. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002;19:250\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00648.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00648.x"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadidi, AT, Azmy, AF. Hypospadias surgery: an illustrated guide, 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2004.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07841-9"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheikhelard, A, Luton, D, Philippe-Chomette, P, Leger, J, Vuillard, E, Garel, C, et al.. How accurate is the prenatal diagnosis of abnormal genitalia? J Urol 2000;164:984\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005392-200009020-00016.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-200009020-00016"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinhas-Hamiel, O, Zalel, Y, Smith, E, Mazkereth, R, Aviram, A, Lipitz, S, et al.. Prenatal diagnosis of sex differentiation disorders: the role of fetal ultrasound. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4547\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2001-011034.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011034"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronshtein, M, Riechler, A, Zimmer, EZ. Prenatal sonographic signs of possible fetal genital anomalies. Prenat Diagn 1995;15:215\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.1970150303.","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970150303"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timor-Tritsch, IE, Shapiro, E, Patrick, SL, Monteagudo, A. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a buried penis. J Ultrasound Med 2009;28:1389\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/jum.2009.28.10.1389.","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.10.1389"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuillard, E, Chitrit, Y, Dreux, S, Elghoneimi, A, Oury, JF, Muller, F. Sonographic measurement of corpus spongiosum in male fetuses. Prenat Diagn 2011;31:1160\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.2854.","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2854"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilboa, Y, Perlman, S, Kivilevitch, Z, Messing, B, Achiron, R. Prenatal anogenital distance is shorter in fetuses with hypospadias. J Ultrasound Med 2017;36:175\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/ultra.16.01006.","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.16.01006"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Soriano, J. Bartter and related syndromes: the puzzle is almost solved. Pediatr Nephrol 1998;12:315\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004670050461.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050461"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K, Zhang, X, Yan, G, Zheng, W, Zou, Y. Prenatal diagnosis and classification of fetal hypospadias: the role and value of magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imag 2021;53:1862\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27519.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27519"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danon, D, Ben-Shitrit, G, Bardin, R, Machiach, R, Vardimon, D, Meizner, I. Reference values for fetal penile length and width from 22 to 36 gestational weeks. Prenat Diagn 2012;32:829\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.3913.","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.3913"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, P, Maxwell, D. Fetal penile length. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;15:308\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2000.00090.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2000.00090.x"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zalel, Y, Pinhas-Hamiel, O, Lipitz, S, Mashiach, S, Achiron, R. The development of the fetal penis--an in utero sonographic evaluation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:129\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2001.00216.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2001.00216.x"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissen, KB, Udesen, A, Garne, E. Hypospadias: prevalence, birthweight and associated major congenital anomalies. Congenital Anom 2015;55:37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cga.12071.","DOI":"10.1111\/cga.12071"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatipo\u011flu, N, Kurto\u011flu, S. Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:217\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.1135.","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1135"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncalves, LF, Hill, H, Bailey, S. Prenatal and postnatal imaging techniques in the evaluation of disorders of sex development. Semin Pediatr Surg 2019;28:150839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2019.150839.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2019.150839"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sides, D, Goldstein, RB, Baskin, L, Kleiner, BC. Prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15:741\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/jum.1996.15.11.741.","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1996.15.11.741"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergman, JE, Loane, M, Vrijheid, M, Pierini, A, Nijman, RJ, Addor, MC, et al.. Epidemiology of hypospadias in Europe: a registry-based study. World J\u00a0Urol 2015;33:2159\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-015-1507-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1507-6"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duckett, JWJr. Hypospadias. Pediatr Rev 1989;11:37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.11.2.37.","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.11.2.37"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Horst, HJ, de Wall, LL. Hypospadias, all there is to know. Eur J\u00a0Pediatr 2017;176:435\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-017-2864-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2864-5"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, F, Borrego, P, Amouroux, C, Antoine, B, Ollivier, M, Faure, JM, et al.. Prenatal imaging of genital defects: clinical spectrum and predictive factors for severe forms. BJU Int 2019;124:876\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.14714.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14714"},{"key":"2023101805030549341_j_jpm-2023-0003_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epelboym, Y, Estrada, C, Estroff, J. Ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hypospadias: accuracy and outcomes. J Pediatr Urol 2017;13:484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.02.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.02.022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0003\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T01:04:02Z","timestamp":1697591042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0003\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2023-0003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]}}}