{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:56:16Z","timestamp":1781794576647,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Research Fund","award":["14-2021-0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-2021-0025"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute","award":["HI22C1859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C1859"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0123_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To compare the frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive gastric fluid (GF) cultures based on the cause and mode of delivery in preterm newborns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0123_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective cohort study included women with a singleton pregnancy who delivered prematurely (between 23\n                      <jats:sup>+0<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 32\n                      <jats:sup>+0<\/jats:sup>\n                      weeks of gestation, n=464) at a single university hospital in South Korea. The newborns\u2019 GF was obtained on the day of birth via nasogastric intubation. The frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in GF cultures was measured and compared according to the cause and mode of delivery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0123_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was detected in 20.3\u202f% of the GF samples. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was significantly higher in the spontaneous preterm birth group than in the indicated preterm birth group (30.2 vs. 3.0\u202f%; p&lt;0.001). Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was more frequently found in the vaginal delivery group than in the cesarean delivery group, irrespective of the cause of preterm delivery [indicated preterm birth group (22.2 vs. 1.9\u202f%, p=0.023); spontaneous preterm birth group (37.7 vs. 24.2\u202f%, p=0.015)].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2023-0123_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were found in 20.3\u202f% of the GFs. However, only 1.9\u202f% of newborns in the indicated preterm birth group with cesarean delivery had a\n                      <jats:italic>Ureaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive GF culture.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2023-0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T00:05:57Z","timestamp":1702685157000},"page":"143-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of gastric fluid in preterm newborns supports the view that the amniotic cavity is sterile before the onset of parturition: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Kyong-No","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chungnam National University Hospital , Daejeon , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha Lim","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Yoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Hwa","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Joon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Won","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam-si , Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Dey, SK, Fisher, SJ. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science 2014;345:760\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1251816.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, RL, Culhane, JF, Iams, JD, Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008;371:75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60074-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Lopez, N, Galaz, J, Miller, D, Farias-Jofre, M, Liu, Z, Arenas-Hernandez, M, et al.. The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal-fetal homeostasis. Reproduction 2022;164:R11\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-22-0046.","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0046"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Yoon, BH, Mazor, M, Gomez, R, Gonzalez, R, Diamond, MP, et al.. A comparative study of the diagnostic performance of amniotic fluid glucose, white blood cell count, interleukin-6, and gram stain in the detection of microbial invasion in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:839\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90014-a.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90014-A"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, KJ, Lee, KA, Sohn, YK, Park, CW, Hong, JS, Romero, R, et al.. Intraamniotic infection with genital mycoplasmas exhibits a more intense inflammatory response than intraamniotic infection with other microorganisms in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:211.e1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.035.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.035"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, BH, Chang, JW, Romero, R. Isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic cavity and adverse outcome in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:77\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00122-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00122-7"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R, Sirtori, M, Oyarzun, E, Avila, C, Mazor, M, Callahan, R, et al.. Infection and labor. V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:817\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90409-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90409-2"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, KJ, Lee, SE, Jung, H, Kim, G, Romero, R, Yoon, BH. Detection of ureaplasmas by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with cervical insufficiency. J Perinat Med 2010;38:261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm.2010.040.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.040"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, KJ, Kim, SM, Hong, JS, Maymon, E, Erez, O, Panaitescu, B, et al.. Twenty-four percent of patients with clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestations have no evidence of either culture-proven intraamniotic infection or intraamniotic inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:604.e1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldenberg, RL, Andrews, WW, Goepfert, AR, Faye-Petersen, O, Cliver, SP, Carlo, WA, et al.. The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: umbilical cord blood Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis cultures in very preterm newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:43.e1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.07.033.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.07.033"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Munoz, ME, Arrieta, MC, Ramer-Tait, AE, Walter, J. A critical assessment of the \u201csterile womb\u201d and \u201cin utero colonization\u201d hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. Microbiome 2017;5:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0268-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0268-4"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rautava, S, Collado, MC, Salminen, S, Isolauri, E. Probiotics modulate host-microbe interaction in the placenta and fetal gut: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neonatology 2012;102:178\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000339182.","DOI":"10.1159\/000339182"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard, K, Ma, J, Antony, KM, Ganu, R, Petrosino, J, Versalovic, J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:237ra65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stinson, LF, Boyce, MC, Payne, MS, Keelan, JA. The not-so-sterile womb: evidence that the human fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth. Front Microbiol 2019;10:1124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01124.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01124"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterpu, I, Fransson, E, Hugerth, LW, Du, J, Pereira, M, Cheng, L, et al.. No evidence for a placental microbiome in human pregnancies at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021;224:296.e1\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.103"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobsson, B, Mattsby-Baltzer, I, Hagberg, H. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in cervical and amniotic fluid: relationship to microbial invasion of the chorioamniotic membranes. BJOG 2005;112:719\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00536.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00536.x"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theis, KR, Romero, R, Winters, AD, Greenberg, JM, Gomez-Lopez, N, Alhousseini, A, et al.. Does the human placenta delivered at term have a microbiota? Results of cultivation, quantitative real-time PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metagenomics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019;220:267.e1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.018"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, V, Wilks, M, Johnson, G, Warwick, S, Hennessey, E, Kempley, S, et al.. The use of molecular techniques for bacterial detection in the analysis of gastric aspirates collected from infants on the first day of life. Early Hum Dev 2010;86:167\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.11.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.11.005"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J, Seong, HS, Kim, BJ, Jun, JK, Romero, R, Yoon, BH. Evidence to support that spontaneous preterm labor is adaptive in nature: neonatal RDS is more common in \u201cindicated\u201d than in \u201cspontaneous\u201d preterm birth. J Perinat Med 2009;37:53\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm.2009.036.","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2009.036"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodfellow, L, Care, A, Alfirevic, Z. Controversies in the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women: an evidence summary and expert opinion. BJOG 2021;128:177\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16544.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16544"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, JS, Romero, R, Yoon, BH, Moon, JB, Oh, SY, Han, SY, et al.. The relationship between amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and funisitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1156\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2001.117679.","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117679"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miralles, R, Hodge, R, McParland, PC, Field, DJ, Bell, SC, Taylor, DJ, et al.. Relationship between antenatal inflammation and antenatal infection identified by detection of microbial genes by polymerase chain reaction. Pediatr Res 2005;57:570\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/01.pdr.0000155944.48195.97.","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000155944.48195.97"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, SM, Romero, R, Lee, J, Chaemsaithong, P, Docheva, N, Yoon, BH. Gastric fluid versus amniotic fluid analysis for the identification of intra-amniotic infection due to Ureaplasma species. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016;29:2579\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2015.1098614.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1098614"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, YD, Kim, SC, Choi, KU, Jun, ES. The relationship between amniotic and newborn gastric fluid inflammatory mediators. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:1069\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2013.767889.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.767889"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musilova, I, Andrys, C, Hornychova, H, Pliskova, L, Drahosova, M, Zednikova, B, et al.. Gastric fluid used to assess changes during the latency period in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Pediatr Res 2018;84:240\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-018-0073-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0073-1"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, SM, Lee, KA, Kim, SM, Park, CW, Yoon, BH. The risk of intra-amniotic infection, inflammation and histologic chorioamnionitis in term pregnant women with intact membranes and labor. Placenta 2011;32:516\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.03.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.03.012"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehbinder, EM, Lodrup Carlsen, KC, Staff, AC, Angell, IL, Landr\u00f8, L, Hilde, K, et al.. Is amniotic fluid of women with uncomplicated term pregnancies free of bacteria? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219:289.e1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.028"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y, Li, X, Zhu, B, Zhao, H, Ai, Q, Tong, Y, et al.. Midtrimester amniotic fluid from healthy pregnancies has no microorganisms using multiple methods of microbiologic inquiry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:248.e1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.056.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.056"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Goffau, MC, Lager, S, Salter, SJ, Wagner, J, Kronbichler, A, Charnock-Jones, DS, et al.. Recognizing the reagent microbiome. Nat Microbiol 2018;3:851\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-018-0202-y.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0202-y"},{"key":"2026061814321967710_j_jpm-2023-0123_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seong, HS, Lee, SE, Kang, JH, Romero, R, Yoon, BH. The frequency of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and histologic chorioamnionitis in women at term with intact membranes in the presence or absence of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:375.e1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.040.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.040"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0123\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:34:01Z","timestamp":1781793241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0123\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2023-0123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2023-0123","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/au.167325489.95693039\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]}}}