{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:56:14Z","timestamp":1790193374310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0518_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the clinical profile, aetiology and outcomes of foetuses diagnosed with non-immune hydrops (NIHF) at a single centre between 2016 and\u00a02023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0518_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancies diagnosed with NIHF were studied retrospectively, using the antenatal records and neonatal electronic database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0518_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-two foetuses were diagnosed with NIHF including 8 sets of twins. Majority (64\u202f%) were diagnosed in second trimester followed by 25\u202f% in first trimester. One fourth (24\u202f%, n=22) had IUFD (Intrauterine foetal demise) at diagnosis. Congenital anomalies were present in (57\u202f%, 52) most common being cystic hygroma, (10\/52) followed by foetal chylothorax and cardiac anomalies. Multiple anomalies were present in 15\u202f% cases. Genetic evaluation, either chromosomal and\/or DNA based test was done only in 62\u202f% (57\/92). More than one third (39\u202f%, 22) had an abnormal karyotype, most common being 45, XO in 54\u202f%, (12\/22) followed by trisomy 21(9\/22, 41\u202f%). Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) was seen in 75\u202f% twins. Overall, most common etiologies were genetic, congenital anomalies, and unknown seen in 30\u202f%, 26\u202f%, and 23\u202f% respectively. Majority of those with unknown aetiology were not\/partially evaluated (13\/21, 62\u202f%). Recurrent NIHF was seen in 8 women. Two of them were diagnosed to have monogenic disorder while another one was carrier of a balanced chromosomal translocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0518_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic aetiology was found in one third. The most common cause in twins was TTTS. One fifth had unknown aetiology, mostly due to lack of complete diagnostic work\u00a0up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2024-0518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T10:55:27Z","timestamp":1753181727000},"page":"922-929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A seven-year retrospective cohort study on non-immune foetal hydrops from a single centre in an LMIC setting"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1558-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varunashree Nagasamudra","family":"Devendrappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 30025 Christian Medical College Vellore , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois Sara","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics , Christian Medical College Vellore , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Rathore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 30025 Christian Medical College Vellore , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preethi","family":"Navaneetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fetal Medicine , Christian Medical College Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Purna","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytogenetics , Christian Medical College Vellore , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumita","family":"Danda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics , Christian Medical College Vellore , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha Madhai","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 30025 Christian Medical College Vellore , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit , Department of ObGyn , Christian Medical College , Vellore . Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norton, ME, Chauhan, SP, Dashe, JS. Society for maternal-fetal medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:127\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.018"},{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoll, MA, Sharland, GK, Allan, LD. Is the ultrasound definition of fluid collections in nonimmune hydrops fetalis helpful in defining the underlying cause or predicting outcome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1991;1:309\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1991.01050309.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1991.01050309.x"},{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_003","unstructured":"Santolaya, J, Alley, D, Jaffe, R, Warsof, SL. Antenatal classification of hydrops fetalis. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:256\u20139."},{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinonen, S, Ryyn\u00e4nen, M, Kirkinen, P. Etiology and outcome of second trimester non- immunologic fetal hydrops. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:15\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079001015.x.","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.2000.079001015.x"},{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellini, C, Hennekam, RC. Non-immune hydrops fetalis: a short review of\u00a0etiology and pathophysiology. 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Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.10.880.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.10.880"},{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czernik, C, Proquitt\u00e9, H, Metze, B, B\u00fchrer, C. Hydrops fetalisehas there been a change in diagnostic spectrum and mortality? J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:258\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2010.483522.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.483522"},{"key":"2026051215142318579_j_jpm-2024-0518_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagel, HT, de Haan, TR, Vandenbussche, FP, Oepkes, D, Walther, FJ. Long-term outcome after fetal transfusion for hydrops associated with parvovirus B19 infection. 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