{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:53:56Z","timestamp":1770670436424,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program","award":["PX2022026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2022026"]}]},{"name":"Dengfeng project of talent training plan of Beijing Medical Management Center","award":["DFL20220601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFL20220601"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in Fetal Heart Disease","award":["BZ0308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BZ0308"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology, the central guiding local special","award":["Z231100007423010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z231100007423010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0591_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Normal fetal echocardiography ratios reflect blood flow balance and developmental patterns, providing a\u00a0basis for more accurate diagnosis and prediction of congenital heart disease in fetuses. Despite its significance, standardized studies with ample samples are lacking. We aim to establish reference ranges for fetal cardiac structural parameters and hemodynamics using extensive multicenter data, including 11 ratios, and to clarify how these ratios change with gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0591_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a multicenter cross-sectional retrospective study. 23,313 normal fetal echocardiographic examinations were enrolled from three medical centers. Analysis included 11 fetal cardiac-related ratios, such as right\/left heart diameter ratio, mitral and tricuspid valve E\/A-wave velocity ratio.\u00a0To determine the reference ranges for various ratios across different gestational ages, a nonparametric quantile regression model, which does not presuppose normality, was utilized. The study investigated how the ratios change with gestational age by examining nonparametric regression plots and their first and second derivatives.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0591_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We established normal percentile reference ranges for 11 ratios at each gestational day. Analysis of ratio changes across gestation reveals several key patterns: The right heart system consistently dominates, with the right heart\/left heart internal diameter ratio accelerating from 21.7\u00a0weeks of gestation; throughout fetal development, the E\/A ratio of the mitral and tricuspid valves initially remains below one but increases progressively with gestational age, both reaching their maximum growth rates at week 25.7.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2024-0591_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides new references for routine obstetric screening, may enhance the understanding of the growth and developmental patterns of normal fetal hearts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2024-0591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T10:08:16Z","timestamp":1744798096000},"page":"645-653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Normal fetal echocardiography ratios - a multicenter cross-sectional retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jiaoyang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongjie","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University , Fujian , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNGC Institute of Computer and Electronics Application , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute for Family Planning , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hairui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University First Hospital Ningxia Women and Children\u2019s Hospital (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Hospital) , Ningxia , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060211104103758_j_jpm-2024-0591_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plana, MN, Zamora, J, Suresh, G, Fernandez-Pineda, L, Thangaratinam, S, Ewer, AK. 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