{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:20:18Z","timestamp":1771262418137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0125_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital anomalies arising from incomplete closure of the neural tube during early embryogenesis. Among cranial NTDs, exencephaly, acrania, and anencephaly represent a progressive developmental continuum, leading to major cerebral destruction and absence of cranial structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0125_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This narrative integrative review synthesizes embryological mechanisms, historical documentation, epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors, and advances in prenatal imaging for acrania, exencephaly, and anencephaly. Special focus is placed on the sequential ultrasonographic findings from the first to third trimester, highlighting the transformation across this continuum. Future research possibilities, including predictive artificial intelligence models, noninvasive genetic risk profiling, and experimental\n                      <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                      therapies, are also discussed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0125_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on data from over 50 peer-reviewed studies, this review integrates knowledge across embryology, teratology, maternal-fetal medicine, genetics, imaging, and bioethics. It aims to guide fetal medicine specialists, radiologists, genetic counsellors, and researchers in understanding, diagnosing, and counselling for these cranial neural tube defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0125_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future directions emphasize precision prevention strategies, including optimized maternal folate supplementation, enhanced prenatal screening, and potential genomic therapies for high-risk pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2025-0125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T05:56:33Z","timestamp":1754373393000},"page":"1172-1190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From exencephaly to anencephaly: a catastrophic continuum of neural tube defects from embryogenesis to ultrasonographic diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiku","family":"Andonotopo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Women Health Center , Eka Hospital BSD City, Serpong , Tangerang , Banten , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Adrianes","family":"Bachnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division , 359613 Faculty of Medicine Sebelas Maret University, Dr. Moewardi General Hospital , Solo , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Dewantiningrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division , Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital , Semarang , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mochammad Besari Adi","family":"Pramono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division , Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital , Semarang , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sri","family":"Sulistyowati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division , Faculty of Medicine Sebelas Maret University, Sebelas Maret University Hospital , Solo , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Stanojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Rare Diseases , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Kurjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical School University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121815535102338_j_jpm-2025-0125_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salari, N, Fatahi, B, Fatahian, R, Mohammadi, P, Rahmani, A, Darvishi, N, et al.. 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