{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:40:52Z","timestamp":1792827652464,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0195_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the United\u00a0States (US) is 2.6 per 10,000 live births but it varies based on the population studied, the database used, and the study period. Further, previous studies suggest that pre-discharge mortality in CDH is declining but this may not capture the \u2018hidden mortality\u2019 and post-discharge mortality. We examined a population-based database to evaluate the trends in the incidence (2016\u20132023) and CDH-related infant mortality rate (CDH-IMR) [2007\u20132022] in the\u00a0US.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0195_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the CDC WONDER database. First, we queried the 2016\u20132023 natality dataset derived from birth certificates for live births with CDH (ICD-10 code Q79.0). We expressed CDH incidence as per 10,000 live births. Next, we queried the linked birth\/infant death dataset from 2007 to 2022 for CDH-IMR through 1\u00a0year of age. CDH-IMR was expressed per 100,000 live births. Trends were evaluated with Joinpoint regression and reported using average annual percentage change (AAPC) with 95\u202f% confidence intervals\u00a0(CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0195_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 29, 880, 509 live births between 2016 and 2023, 3,797 had CDH (1.3 per 10,000). Of these, 33.4\u202f% were transferred within 24\u202fh after birth. There was no significant change in the CDH incidence during the study period (AAPC 0.93\u202f%; CI:\u00a0\u22120.1, 2.0). The overall CDH-IMR (per 100,000) was 5.7, and it declined significantly from 6.3 in 2007 to 4.7 in 2022 (AAPC:\u00a0\u22121.5\u202f%; CI:\u00a0\u22122.2,\u00a0\u22120.8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0195_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CDH incidence, which was lower than previously reported and did not change from 2016 to 2023, requires validation. The downward trend in mortality needs ongoing surveillance to monitor the impact of new management strategies on mortality\u00a0rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2025-0195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:40:20Z","timestamp":1758242420000},"page":"1308-1315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incidence and mortality trends in congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the United\u00a0States"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Nihaal D.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Resident, Valley Children\u2019s Healthcare Pediatric Residency Program , Madera , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Dapaah-Siakwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Graduate Medical Education and Neonatology , Valley Children\u2019s Healthcare , Madera , USA"},{"name":"Attending Neonatologist and Associate Progrream Dictor, Valley Children\u2019s Healthcare Pediatric Residency Program , Madera , CA , USA"},{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics (Affiliated) , Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson, J, Ailes, EC, Cragan, JD, Grosse, SD, Tanner, JP, Kirby, RS, et al.. Inpatient hospitalization costs associated with birth defects among persons aged <65\u00a0years \u2014\u00a0united States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:739\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7227a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7227a1"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langham, MR, Kays, DW, Ledbetter, DJ, Frentzen, B, Sanford, LL, Richards, DS. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol 1996;23:671\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30201-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30201-X"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stallings, EB, Isenburg, JL, Rutkowski, RE, Kirby, RS, Nembhard, WN, Sandidge, T, et al.. National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2016-2020. 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J\u00a0Pediatr Surg 2009;44:877\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.046.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.046"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, H, Abdel-Hady, H. Predictors of mortality and morbidity in infants with CDH. In: Molloy E, editor. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal to childhood management and outcomes. BoD\u2013books on demand. London: InTech; 2012.","DOI":"10.5772\/35394"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boghossian, NS, Geraci, M, Lorch, SA, Phibbs, CS, Edwards, EM, Horbar, JD. Racial and ethnic differences over time in outcomes of infants born less than 30\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation. 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A five-year statewide experience with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:838\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90425-Q.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90425-Q"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torfs, CP, Curry, CJR, Bateson, TF, Honor\u00e9, LH. A population\u2010based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Teratology 1992;46:555\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tera.1420460605.","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420460605"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinhorn, RH, Kriesmer, PJ, Green, TP, McKay, CJ, Payne, NR. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Minnesota. Impact of antenatal diagnosis on survival. 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Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;29:276\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.3863.","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3863"},{"key":"2025121815535103218_j_jpm-2025-0195_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y, Xu, R, Xie, X, Wang, T, Yang, Z, Chen, J. Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. 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