{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T20:36:56Z","timestamp":1794429416776,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0242_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The traditional view of a sterile intrauterine environment has been challenged by sequencing studies detecting low-biomass microbial DNA in placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal tissues. These findings suggest that maternal microbiota-derived signals may contribute to fetal brain development and influence long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0242_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review synthesizes evidence from over 90 preclinical and clinical studies examining maternal microbiota\u2013fetal brain interactions. Maternal immune activation \u2013 characterized by elevated cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A \u2013 has been shown in mouse models to disrupt cortical layering and synaptic organization, while human cohort studies involving more than 250,000 pregnancies link maternal inflammatory markers to increased autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk. Microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate, propionate), bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives, regulate microglial maturation, blood\u2013brain barrier integrity, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Epigenetic mechanisms \u2013 DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and chromatin remodeling \u2013 have been observed in placenta and cord blood from pregnancies affected by obesity or dysbiosis. Large-scale epidemiological studies also associate prenatal infection and antibiotic exposure with higher rates of ASD and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0242_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, the evidence indicates that maternal microbiota influence fetal brain development through converging immune, metabolic, epigenetic, and hormonal pathways. Strong mechanistic insights come from animal models, whereas human data remain largely observational, limiting causal interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0242_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recognizing the maternal microbiome as a modifiable prenatal factor highlights opportunities for prevention. Early translational approaches \u2013 including maternal microbiota profiling, dietary optimization, and probiotic supplementation \u2013 are under investigation, but require rigorous clinical validation before integration into prenatal care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2025-0242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T02:59:35Z","timestamp":1764039575000},"page":"944-961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The intrauterine microbiome\u2013neurodevelopment axis: decoding the prenatal microbial imprint on lifelong mental health"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiku","family":"Andonotopo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetomaternal Division, Women Health Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 648394 Ekahospital BSD City , Tangerang , Banten , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Adrianes","family":"Bachnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Solo , Surakarta , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Dewantiningrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital , Semarang , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mochammad Besari Adi","family":"Pramono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital , Semarang , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I Nyoman Hariyasa","family":"Sanjaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Udayana University, Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G Ngoerah General Hospital , Bali , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernawati","family":"Darmawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital , Surabaya , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ilham Aldika","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Airlangga University, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital , Surabaya , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dudy","family":"Aldiansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Sumatera Utara University, H. Adam Malik General Hospital , Medan , Sumatera Utara , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cut Meurah","family":"Yeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Syiah Kuala University, Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital , Aceh , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuswil","family":"Bernolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Sriwijaya University, Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital , Palembang , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2181-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waskita Ekamaheswara Kasumba","family":"Andanaputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Padjajaran University , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri","family":"Sulistyowati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Solo , Surakarta , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Stanojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Rare Diseases , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Kurjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical School University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070714574622988_j_jpm-2025-0242_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard, K, Ma, J, Antony, KM, Ganu, R, Petrosino, J, Versalovic, J, et al.. 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