{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:10:37Z","timestamp":1778278237250,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0276_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the association between fetal macrosomia (&gt;5,000\u202fg) and pregnancy and birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0276_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cohort study using data from the perinatal survey of Lower Saxony, Germany (2001\u20132009).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0276_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancies complicated by advanced maternal age (&gt;35 years), elevated BMI (&gt;25.0), and excessive gestational weight gain were significantly more likely to result in macrosomic births. Additionally, pregnancies involving macrosomic fetuses were characterized by prolonged gestation and an increased likelihood of cesarean delivery. Neonates with macrosomia exhibited significantly lower Apgar scores at 1, 5, and 10\u202fmin (&lt;7) compared to the control group (&lt;5,000\u202fg), though umbilical artery pH values did not differ significantly between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2025-0276_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the need for targeted prenatal monitoring and risk assessment in pregnancies predisposed to fetal macrosomia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2025-0276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:24:26Z","timestamp":1773854666000},"page":"752-760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pregnancy and delivery outcomes in fetal macrosomia (birth weight exceeding 5,000\u202fg)"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Manfred","family":"Voigt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Growth, Development and Health Encouragement During Childhood and Youth , Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Hagenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecological Practice Soltau , Soltau , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf L.","family":"Schild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine , Diakovere Henrike Hannover , Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"Ehlermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences , University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Rochow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Paracelsus Medical University , N\u00fcrnberg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefine","family":"K\u00f6nigbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics , Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim W.","family":"Dudenhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics , Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rooth, G. Increase in birth weight: a unique biological event and an obstetrical problem. Eur Gynecol Reproduc Biol 2003;106:86\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0301-2115(02)00099-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00099-4"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_002","unstructured":"Catalano, P, Ashmead, G, Presley, L, Amimi, S. The obesity cycle comes full circle: increasing trendsin birth weight. In: 37th Annual Meeting of the DSPG of the EASD, Mykonos, Greece; 2005."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_003","unstructured":"Harder, T, Rodekamp, E, Schellong, K, Dudenhausen, JW, Plagemann, A. Adipositas und perinatale Programmierung. In: Plagemann, A, Dudenhausen, JW, editors. Adipositas in der Perinatalmedizin. M\u00fcnchen: Springer; 2010."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, M, Straube, S, Zygmunt, M, Krafczyk, B, Schneider, KTM, Briese, V. Obesity and pregnancy\u00a0\u2013 a risk profile. Z Geburtsh Neonatol 2008;212:201\u20135.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1076995"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, MT, Ouzounian, JG. Evaluation and management of fetal macrosomia. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2021;48:387\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.008"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_006","unstructured":"Boyd, ME, Usher, RH, McLean, FH. Fetal macrosomia: prediction, risks, proposed management. Obstet Gynecol 1983;61:715\u201322."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollschlaeger, K, Nieder, J, K\u00f6ppe, I, H\u00e4rtlein, K. A study of fetal macrosomia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1999;263:51\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004040050262.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004040050262"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hehir, MP, Mchugh, AF, Maguire, PJ, Mahony, R. Extreme macrosomia--obstetric outcomes and complications in birthweights\u00a0>5000 g. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2015;55:42\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajo.12285.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12285"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vats, H, Saxena, R, Sachdeva, MP, Walia, GK, Gupta, V. Impact of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal, fetal and neonatal adverse outcomes in the worldwide populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 2021;15:536\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orcp.2021.10.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2021.10.005"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudenhausen, J, Kirschner, R, Grunebaum, A. Maternal obesity and life-style factors in pregnancy. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2011;215:167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1285848.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1285848"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_011","unstructured":"Barth, A. Die fetale Makrosomie\u00a0>5000g. Dissertation Uni. Rostock. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/rosdok.uni-rostock.de\/file\/rosdok_disshab_0000001018\/rosdok_derivate_0000005126\/Dissertation_Barth_2013.pdf."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamor, E, Cnattinghaus, S. Interpregnancy weght change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Lancet 2006;368:1164\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69473-7"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plagemann, A. Grundlagen perinataler Pr\u00e4gung und Programmierung. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2016;164:91\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00112-015-3419-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-015-3419-3"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_014","unstructured":"Rasmussen, KM, Yaktine, AL, IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council). Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, JT, Schalinski, E, Gauger, U, Hellmeyer, L. Antenatal body mass index (BMI) and weight gain in pregnancy - its association with pregnancy and birthing complications. J Perinat Med 2016;44:397\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2015-0172.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2015-0172"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, RF, Abell, SK, Ranasinha, S, Misso, M, Boyle, JA, Black, MH, et al.. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2017;317:2207\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.3635.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3635"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, RX, He, XJ, Hu, CL. The association between advanced maternal age and macrosomia: a meta-analysis. Child Obes 2019;15:149\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/chi.2018.0258.","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0258"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mission, JF, Marshall, NE, Caughey, AB. Pregnancy risks associated with obesity. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2015;42:335\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2015.01.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2015.01.008"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, MH. Guessing the weight of the baby. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1966;103:734\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09865.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09865.x"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_020","unstructured":"Bamberg, C. Pr\u00e4natale Detektion fetaler Makrosomie. In: Plagemann, A, Dudenhausen, JW, editors. Adipositas in der Perinatalmedizin. M\u00fcnchen: Springer; 2010."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamberg, C, Hinkson, L, Henrich, W. Prenatal detection and consequences of fetal macrosomia. Fetal Diagn Ther 2013;33:143\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000341813.","DOI":"10.1159\/000341813"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretscher, J, Kehl, S, Stelzl, P, Stumpfe, FM, Mayr, A, Schmid, M, et al.. Influence of sonographic fetal weight estimation inaccuracies in macrosomia on perinatal outcome. Ultraschall Med 2022;43:e56\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1205-0191. English.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1205-0191"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, R, Walker, KF, White, VA, Bugg, GJ, Snell, KIE, Jones, NW. The test accuracy of antenatal ultrasound definitions of fetal macrosomia to predict birth injury: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020;246:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.01.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.01.019"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, F, Jung, K, Bolte, A. H\u00e4ufigkeit und Ursachen der fetalen und neonatalen Makrosomie. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 1982;42:803\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2008-1037163.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1037163"},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_025","unstructured":"Moodley, T, Moodley, J. A retrospective identification of risk factors associated with fetal macrosomia. Afr J Reprod Health 2022;26:127\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29063\/ajrh2022\/v26i7.13."},{"key":"2026050821281527382_j_jpm-2025-0276_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostin, P, Balke, S, Sroka, D, Fangmann, L, Weid, P, Henrich, W, et al.. The CHANGED Score-A new tool for the prediction of insulin dependency in gestational diabetes. J Clin Med 2023;12:7169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12227169.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227169"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2025-0276\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2025-0276\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:30:35Z","timestamp":1778275835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2025-0276\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2025-0276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2025-0276","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}