{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:31:07Z","timestamp":1789047067922,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0161_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal frontal lobe development, as assessed by the anteroposterior frontal diameter (APFD) and\u00a0its relationships with standard cranial biometric parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0161_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case\u2013control study included 257 singleton pregnancies between 20 and 38\u00a0+\u00a06\u00a0week\u2019s gestation. Participants were divided into two groups: uncomplicated pregnancies (n=152) and pregnancies complicated by GDM (n=105). Ultrasound images were retrospectively analyzed to obtain APFD, occipitofrontal diameter (OFD), head circumference (HC), and transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD), as well as derived ratios (APFD\/OFD, APFD\/HC, and APFD\/TCD). Clinical, metabolic, and perinatal data were collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0161_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant differences were observed between groups in APFD (36.9 vs. 35.5\u202fmm, p=0.086), TCD (40.1 vs. 38.6\u202fmm, p=0.206), or in any of the evaluated ratios, including APFD\/OFD (p=0.897), APFD\/HC (p=0.702), and APFD\/TCD (p=0.602). These findings remained consistent after stratification by type of glycemic control (diet vs. insulin). In contrast, the GDM group exhibited higher body mass index, fasting glucose levels, estimated fetal weight, and abdominal circumference (all p&lt;0.05), as well as lower uterine and umbilical artery pulsatility indices. No clinically relevant differences were observed in head circumference or Apgar scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0161_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GDM was not associated with detectable alterations in fetal frontal lobe morphometry or its proportional relationships with global cranial measurements. These findings indicate no detectable differences in fetal frontal lobe morphometry using ultrasound parameters. However, no conclusions can be drawn regarding functional or neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2026-0161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T03:55:35Z","timestamp":1783310135000},"page":"1147-1154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fetal frontal lobe development in gestational diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional neurosonographic study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yahn Rezende","family":"Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Clara Mendes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Clara Name Ribeiro","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Bondezan","family":"Anatolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics Service, M\u00e1rio Palm\u00e9rio University Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Araujo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics , Paulista School of Medicine\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP) , S\u00e3o Paulo , SP , Brazil"},{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS) , S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul , SP , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Yano","family":"Callado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein Israelite College of Health Sciences, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital , S\u00e3o Paulo , SP , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , School of Medicine, Maternity School. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of General and Specialized Surgery , School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, University of Vassouras (Univassouras) , Vassouras , RJ , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Borges","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro (UFTM) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil"},{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics Service, M\u00e1rio Palm\u00e9rio University Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) , Uberaba , MG , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091012590217821_j_jpm-2026-0161_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marra, MC, Mappa, I, Pietrolucci, ME, Lu, JLA, D\u2019 Antonio, F, Rizzo, G. 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