{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T11:28:52Z","timestamp":1794310132261,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0165_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a major challenge in preterm infants, with its exact timing and periods of greatest risk still debated. This study aims to describe the timing, incidence, severity, and risk factors for IVH in preterm infants born before 32\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0165_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective observational study of 182 preterm infants (&lt;32\u00a0weeks) was conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Standardized cranial ultrasounds were performed at 0\u20136, 6\u201324, 24\u201348, and 48\u201396\u202fh post-birth and graded via Papile criteria. Maternal and neonatal associations with IVH were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0165_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IVH incidence was 17\u202f% (31\/182), predominantly mild (80.7\u202f%), while severe cases comprised 19.4\u202f%. Almost half of the events (45\u202f%) occurred within the first 6\u202fh, followed by a second peak between days 2 and 4. While univariate analysis linked several immaturity and illness markers to IVH, multivariate models identified invasive ventilation as the sole independent predictor (adjusted OR 3.99, p=0.004).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0165_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IVH in very preterm infants occurs predominantly in the first hours after birth, with a subsequent risk window between 2 and 4\u00a0days. Invasive ventilation is the strongest independent risk factor, emphasizing the need for protective respiratory care. Early and ongoing ultrasound screening remains essential for timely diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2026-0165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:35Z","timestamp":1791204935000},"page":"1513-1525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Timing of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants less than 32\u00a0weeks of gestational age"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kishore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhanam","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirisha","family":"Andey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Nandhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaik","family":"Naseeruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debdip","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Abdi, SY, Al-Aamri, MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the timing of early intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates: clinical and research implications. J\u00a0Clin Neonatol 2014;3:76\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2249-4847.134674.","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4847.134674"},{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri, H, Mawla, AA, Kazah, J. The incidence, timing, and predisposing factors of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22:1086\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-006-0050-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0050-6"},{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, Z, Obeidat, M, M\u00e1t\u00e9, V, Bolseth, LO, Lee, G, Veres, DS, et al.. Occurrence and time of onset of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. 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J\u00a0Pediatr 1984;104:419\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(84)81109-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)81109-9"},{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborn, DA, Evans, N, Kluckow, M. Hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors of early and late periventricular\/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediatrics 2003;112:33\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.112.1.33.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.33"},{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, S, Kaplan, C, Wiswell, TE, Spitzer, AR. Histological chorioamnionitis and the risk of early intraventricular hemorrhage in infants born\u00a0\u226428\u00a0weeks gestation. J\u00a0Perinatol 2005;25:749\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jp.7211399.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211399"},{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamor-Martinez, E, \u00c1lvarez-Fuente, M, Roma-Mateo, C, Perez-Mu\u00f1uzuri, A, Gormaz, M, Kramer, BW, et al.. Association of histological chorioamnionitis with intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Front Physiol 2018;9:1253.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01253"},{"key":"2026111011085658793_j_jpm-2026-0165_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluckow, M, Jeffery, M, Gill, A, Evans, N. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of early treatment of the patent ductus arteriosus. 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