{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:57:10Z","timestamp":1791565030150,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0216_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the microbiological profile of post-cesarean surgical site infection (SSI) wound cultures, examine associations between specific pathogens and clinical or surgical characteristics, and delineate institutional wound culture collection practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0216_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study including women with positive wound cultures from clinically diagnosed post-cesarean SSIs between 2012 and 2024. Microorganisms were categorized into designated pathogen groups based on taxonomic classification and clinical relevance. Each microorganism group was compared with all remaining cases. Demographic, obstetric, surgical, laboratory, and outcome variables were analyzed using appropriate univariate statistical\u00a0tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0216_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 207 positive wound cultures were analyzed. The most frequently isolated organisms were Enterobacterales (30.4\u202f%),\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and \u03b2-hemolytic streptococci (27.1\u202f%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (20.3\u202f%). Enterobacterales infections were significantly associated with obesity (BMI &gt;35), meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and longer intervals from rupture of membranes to labor onset. Non-fermenting Gram-negative organisms were strongly associated with subcutaneous tissue approximation and intradermal skin closure. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were associated with fewer established risk factors, suggesting possible contamination or colonization. Only Enterobacterales infections demonstrated a statistically significant, though clinically modest, increase in peak white blood cell count. No significant differences were observed in other severity markers or clinical outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jpm-2026-0216_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine wound cultures in post-cesarean SSIs provide limited information regarding disease severity. However, specific pathogen profiles are associated with distinct obstetric and surgical characteristics, suggesting that selective culture use may be informative in high-risk clinical contexts. These findings may help improve institutional wound-culture practices and inform future studies on culture-guided management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2026-0216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T08:56:04Z","timestamp":1786611364000},"page":"1285-1292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiological profile and clinical correlates of post-cesarean surgical site infections"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-4202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nir","family":"Meller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat-Gan , Israel"},{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Amit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology , The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat-Gan , Israel"},{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphna","family":"Amitai Komem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat-Gan , Israel"},{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Ben-David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat-Gan , Israel"},{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betran, AP, Ye, J, Moller, AB, Souza, JP, Zhang, J. Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Glob Health 2021;6:e005671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005671.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005671"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuarez-Easton, S, Zafran, N, Garmi, G, Salim, R. Postcesarean wound infection: prevalence, impact, prevention, and management challenges. Int J Womens Health 2017;9:81\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijwh.s98876.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S98876"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzwater, JL, Tita, ATN. Prevention and management of cesarean wound infection. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 2014;41:671\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.08.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.08.008"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, SR, Chen, BPH, Guilfoyle, J, Tewari, P, Elangovanraaj, N, Johnston, SS. Surgical site infection following cesarean delivery incidence, risk factors, and association with incremental healthcare use. AJOG Glob Rep 2023;3:100144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xagr.2022.100144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2022.100144"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_005","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgical site infection event (SSI) [internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/pdfs\/ps-analysis-resources\/ImportingProcedureData.pdf."},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, KB, Corcoran, P, O\u2019Riordan, M, Greene, RA. Risk factors for surgical site infection after cesarean delivery: a case-control study. Am J Infect Control 2019;47:164\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.07.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.07.023"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, J, Andrews, WW. Wound complications after cesarean sections. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1994;37:842\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003081-199412000-00009.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199412000-00009"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_008","unstructured":"Zabaglo, M, Leslie, SW, Sharman, T. Postoperative wound infections. Treasure Island (FL). StatPearls Publishing; 2025."},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harzif, AK, Wicaksono, MD, Kallista, A, Emeraldi, M, Pratama, G. Overview of risk factor and bacterial pattern in patient with surgical site infection after caesarean section in Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital from 2016 to 2018. Infect Prev Pract 2020;2:100090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infpip.2020.100090.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2020.100090"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheck, SM, Blackmore, T, Maharaj, D, Langdana, F, Elder, RE. Caesarean section wound infection surveillance: information for action. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2018;58:518\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajo.12755.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12755"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_011","unstructured":"Martens, MG, Kolrud, BL, Faro, S, Maccato, M, Hammill, H. Development of wound infection or separation after cesarean delivery. Prospective evaluation of 2,431 cases. J\u00a0Reprod Med 1995;40:171\u20135."},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_012","unstructured":"Roberts, S, Maccato, M, Faro, S, Pinell, P. The microbiology of post-cesarean wound morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:383\u20136."},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_013","unstructured":"Njoku, CO, Njoku, AN. Microbiological pattern of surgical site infection following caesarean section at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019;7:1430\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2019.286."},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onuzo, CN, Sefogah, PE, Nuamah, MA, Ntumy, M, Osei, MM, Nkyekyer, K. Surgical site infections following caesarean sections in the largest teaching hospital in Ghana. Infect Prev Pract 2022;4:100203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infpip.2022.100203.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2022.100203"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowler, PG, Duerden, BI, Armstrong, DG. Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:244\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.14.2.244-269.2001.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.244-269.2001"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kallstrom, G. Are quantitative bacterial wound cultures useful? J\u00a0Clin Microbiol 2014;52:2753\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00522-14.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00522-14"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierson, RC, Scott, NP, Briscoe, KE, Haas, DM. A review of post-caesarean infectious morbidity: how to prevent and treat. J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol 2018;38:591\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2017.1394281.","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2017.1394281"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_018","unstructured":"Leber, AL, Burnham, CAD, editors. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook, 5th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2023."},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zejnullahu, VA, Isjanovska, R, Sejfija, Z, Zejnullahu, VA. Surgical site infections after cesarean sections at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo: rates, microbiological profile and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4383-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4383-7"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaran, AS, Masaadeh, HA. Incident of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in post-operative wound infection. Am J Infect Dis 2009;5:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3844\/ajidsp.2009.1.6.","DOI":"10.3844\/ajidsp.2009.1.6"},{"key":"2026100916301192194_j_jpm-2026-0216_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkout, T, Alkout, AM, Rasheed, E, Etekbali, O, Abousnina, F, Araibi, A. Surgical site infections prevalence among caesarean section patients. Iberoam J Med 2025;7:11\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53986\/ibjm.2025.0005.","DOI":"10.53986\/ibjm.2025.0005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2026-0216\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2026-0216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:30:23Z","timestamp":1791563423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpm-2026-0216\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpm-2026-0216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpm-2026-0216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5577","1619-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5577","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}