{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T09:56:49Z","timestamp":1781344609782,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VI.Vidi.195.008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI.Vidi.195.008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article presents a case of (non-canonical) optional subject marking observed exclusively in spontaneous speech. Persian is a pro-drop language with obligatory subject agreement marked by verbal suffixes and a set of clitic pronouns serving different functions, e.g., pronominal objects encliticized to the verb. In standard Persian, subject agreement for the 3rd person singular (3SG) is consistently realized by zero in past tenses; however, as shown in this study, in spoken language, speakers occasionally use the 3SG pronominal clitic =\n                    <jats:italic>e\u0161<\/jats:italic>\n                    instead of zero. This non-standard usage is generally neglected, if not ignored, in previous research. Drawing on evidence from historical studies and naturally produced data from spoken and transcribed Persian, this study highlights the empirical shortcomings of previous claims that the subject agreement marker -\n                    <jats:italic>e\u0161<\/jats:italic>\n                    results from grammaticalization of the object clitic =\n                    <jats:italic>e\u0161<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a means of repairing or levelling the verbal agreement paradigm. Instead, it is argued that while written Persian preserves more parsimonious constructions, the redundant use of -\n                    <jats:italic>e\u0161<\/jats:italic>\n                    to index the subject, similar to object clitic doubling, is part of the indexing system of spoken Persian and can be understood in terms of fluid differential subject marking. Differences in indexing between the written (i.e.,\u00a0offline language production) and spoken (i.e.,\u00a0spontaneous language production) modalities are not unusual and may be caused by different factors. Studying these differences in transcribed spoken data, this study identifies distinct patterns of information packaging in the two modalities and offers an explanation in terms of cognitive principles of language processing and production to account for the difference in indexing between spoken and written Persian.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/ling-2023-0235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:55:47Z","timestamp":1771520147000},"page":"603-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optional subject indexing in spontaneous speech in Modern Persian"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9121-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pegah","family":"Faghiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay , CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Num\u00e9rique, 91400 , Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_001","unstructured":"Adibifar, Shirin. 2016. Multi-CAST Persian. In Geoffrey Haig & Stefan Schnell (eds.), Multi- CAST: Multilingual corpus of annotated spoken texts. https:\/\/multicast.aspra.uni-bamberg.de\/#persian (accessed October 2022)."},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degen, Judith, D. Robert Hawkins, Caroline Graf, Elisa Kreiss & Noah D. Goodman. 2020. When redundancy is useful: A Bayesian approach to \u201coverinformative\u201d referring expressions. Psychological Review 127(4). 591\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rev0000186.","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000186"},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Hoop, Helen & Peter de Swart (eds.). 2008. Differential subject marking. Dordrecht: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6497-5"},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_004","unstructured":"Faghiri, Pegah. 2016. La variation de l\u2019ordre des constituants dans le domaine pr\u00e9verbal en persan: Approche empirique. Paris: Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 PhD Dissertation."},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faghiri, Pegah & Pollet Samvelian. 2021. A corpus-based description of cleft constructions in Persian. Faits de Langues 52(1). 183\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/19589514-05201009.","DOI":"10.1163\/19589514-05201009"},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haig, Geoffrey. 2017. Deconstructing Iranian ergativity. In Jessica Coon, Diane Massam & Lisa Travis (eds.), The Oxford handbook of ergativity, 465\u2013500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198739371.013.20"},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haig, Geoffrey. 2018. The grammaticalization of object pronouns: Why differential object indexing is an attractor state. Linguistics 56(4). 781\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ling-2018-0011.","DOI":"10.1515\/ling-2018-0011"},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haig, Geoffrey. 2020. The pronoun-to-agreement cycle in Iranian: Subjects do, objects don\u2019t. In Richard K. Larson, Sedigheh Moradi & Vida Samiian (eds.), Advances in Iranian linguistics, 85\u2013106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.351.05hai"},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_009","unstructured":"Haig, Geoffrey & Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand. 2022. HamBam: The Hamedan-Bamberg Corpus of contemporary spoken Persian. Bamberg: University of Bamberg. multicast.aspra.uni-bamberg.de\/resources\/hambam\/ (accessed November 2022)."},{"key":"2026061309192942556_j_ling-2023-0235_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haspelmath, Martin. 2013. 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