{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:04:21Z","timestamp":1788447861172,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute cholecystitis (AC) is a common condition in emergency departments (EDs), where timely diagnosis and severity assessment are critical for treatment decisions and outcome prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 194 patients with AC to evaluate the diagnostic and severity-grading performance of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine optimal cut-off values for discriminating between severity grades according to the Tokyo Guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated levels of PCT and CRP were observed in 73.2 and 67% of cases, respectively. PCT demonstrated a sensitivity of 75.6% and specificity of 64.8% at a cut-off value of \u2264 0.595\u2009ng\/mL for distinguishing grade I from grades II to III. For differentiating grade III from grades I to II, PCT showed a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 92.1% at a cut-off value of \u22655.095\u2009ng\/mL. Similarly, CRP had a sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 64.8% at a cut-off value of \u226478\u2009mg\/L for grade I versus grades II to III, and a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 69.7% at a cut-off value of \u226582.5\u2009mg\/L for grade III versus grades I to II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both PCT and CRP are valuable biomarkers for diagnosing AC and assessing its severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2025-1258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1758207058000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , 100034 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallaher JR, Charles A. Acute cholecystitis: a review. JAMA. 2022;327(10):965\u201375.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2350"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers SI, Bartula L. Human cholecystitis is associated with increased gallbladder prostaglandin I2 and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Hepatology. 1992;16(5):1176\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160512"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park JW, Kim OH, Lee SC, Kim KH, Hong HE, Seo H, et al. Serum level of visfatin can reflect the severity of inflammation in patients with acute cholecystitis. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2020;99(1):26\u201336.","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2020.99.1.26"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csendes A, Burdiles P, Maluenda F, Diaz JC, Csendes P, Mitru N. Simultaneous bacteriologic assessment of bile from gallbladder and common bile duct in control subjects and patients with gallstones and common duct stones. Arch Surg. 1996;131(4):389\u201394.","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1996.01430160047008"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishida Y, Otagiri N, Yoshifuku S, Misawa K, Ko K, Sasahara K, et al. Gram staining of gallbladder bile samples is useful for predicting surgical site infection in acute cholecystitis patients undergoing an early cholecystectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2020;27(12):962\u20137.","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.790"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Asbun HJ, Wakabayashi G, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). 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World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15(1):61.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert DN. Procalcitonin as a biomarker in respiratory tract infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(Suppl 4):S346\u201350.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir050"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM, Schlattmann P. Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(5):426\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70323-7"},{"key":"2025122201305046357_j_med-2025-1258_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuzbasioglu Y, Duymaz H, Tanrikulu CS, Halhalli HC, Koc MO, Tando\u011fan M, et al. Role of procalcitonin in evaluation of the severity of acute cholecystitis. 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J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24(12):2766\u201372.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04459-8"}],"container-title":["Open Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/med-2025-1258\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/med-2025-1258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T01:40:35Z","timestamp":1766367635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/med-2025-1258\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/med-2025-1258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/med-2025-1258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2391-5463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2391-5463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"article-number":"20251258"}}