{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:48:16Z","timestamp":1788526096456,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1431_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To design and computationally evaluate a multiepitope-based vaccine candidate targeting antigenic proteins of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptobacillus moniliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      using immunoinformatics approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1431_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three antigenic proteins, ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FtsH, signal peptidase I, and protein translocase subunit SecY, were selected based on antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity. B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted and screened for immunogenic potential and global population coverage. A multiepitope vaccine construct containing six MHC class I and six MHC class II epitopes was assembled using appropriate linkers and a beta-defensin-3 adjuvant. Structural modeling, molecular docking with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to assess structural behavior and receptor interactions. Codon optimization and\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      cloning were conducted to evaluate expression feasibility. Immune simulations were performed to estimate potential immune responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1431_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final vaccine construct showed antigenicity with a VaxiJen score of 0.5666 and structural stability with an instability index of 32.50. Population coverage analysis indicated 93.20\u202f% global coverage. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations indicated stable interactions with TLR4. Codon optimization suggested improved translational compatibility in\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Immune simulation indicated increased levels of IgG and IgM antibodies and cytokines including IFN gamma and IL-2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1431_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The computational analysis suggests that the designed multiepitope construct has characteristics associated with immunogenic potential and structural stability. Further experimental validation is required to confirm its biological efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2026-1431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:57:32Z","timestamp":1780660652000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunoinformatics based design of a multiepitope vaccine targeting\n                    <i>Streptobacillus moniliformis<\/i>\n                    for the prevention of rat-bite fever"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Central Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Toheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Central Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0997-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Central Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Muzzammel","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nausheen","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , University of Malakand , Chakdara , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal F.","family":"Elkhadragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology , College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania Ali","family":"El Hadi Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology , College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwag","family":"Shami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology , College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maher S.","family":"Alwethaynani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University , Alquwayiyah, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deema","family":"Fallatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060511563647890_j_med-2026-1431_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatahi-Bafghi, M. 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