{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:24:34Z","timestamp":1788279874255,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1505_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish a zero-dimensional heat-transfer model for an isolated single-sealed 316\u00a0stainless-steel cylindrical device after pressure-steam sterilization and to evaluate whether the 30-min cooling time required by national standards provides an adequate safety margin under controlled conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1505_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ambient conditions of the sterile-material storage area were used as boundary conditions. Biot number analysis was used to confirm applicability of the lumped-capacitance model, and the governing equation was derived from Newton\u2019s law of cooling. Six 316\u00a0stainless-steel rods (diameter 4.5\u202fmm, length 200\u202fmm) were heated and cooled at 24\u202f\u00b0C and 50\u202f% relative humidity. Temperature was recorded every 5\u202fs for 1,800\u202fs, and each sample was tested three times. Cooling data were fitted with an exponential function in OriginPro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1505_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The unadjusted theoretical model with h=5\u202fW\/(m\u02c62\u202fK) predicted 36.6\u202f\u00b0C at 30\u202fmin, whereas the experimental fit approached ambient temperature and reached 24.6\u202f\u00b0C. The fitted parameters were A=74.74 (95\u202f% CI, 74.45\u201375.03), B=0.00402\u202fs\u02c6-1 (95\u202f% CI, 0.00399\u20130.00405), and C=24.56\u202f\u00b0C (95\u202f% CI, 24.53\u201324.59), with R\u02c62=0.9987 and a root mean squared residual of about 0.52\u202f\u00b0C. The unadjusted theoretical curve is therefore a conservative reference rather than a point-accurate predictor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1505_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the tested simplified single device, cooling followed an exponential pattern, reached body-temperature level within about 7\u20138\u202fmin, and approached room temperature within about 16\u201320\u202fmin. The 30-min rule provides an adequate margin for this bounded scenario, but the findings should not be generalized to complex instruments, packages, multiple loads, or variable airflow conditions without further validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2026-1505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:56:52Z","timestamp":1788278212000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Theoretical and experimental study on the cooling time of a single device after sterilization based on a zero-dimensional heat transfer model"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhili","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing , Shantou University Mental Health Center , Shantou University Medical College\u2014Faculty of Medicine of University of Manitoba Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry , Third Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou , Guangdong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9206-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sterile Supply Department , Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3195-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sterile Supply Department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou City , Guangdong Province , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6537-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huamei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sterile Supply Department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou City , Guangdong Province , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3788-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuewei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sterile Supply Department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou City , Guangdong Province , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090115561271541_j_med-2026-1505_ref_001","unstructured":"Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Hospital Management, National Health and Family Planning Commission. 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