{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:10:33Z","timestamp":1788887433213,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1517_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Fumaria agraria<\/jats:italic>\n                      is still poorly characterized, although the interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds is growing. This study aimed to investigate its phytochemical composition and its antioxidant potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1517_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sequential solvent extraction yielded\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC\u2013FID) and phenolic compounds in the polar fractions by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, alongside total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1517_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GC\u2013FID analysis identified five fatty acids dominated by unsaturated forms (76.51\u202f%), with linoleic acid as the principal individual component (40.29\u202f%). LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis revealed 11 phenolic compounds, with luteolin being the most abundant phenolic compound, accounting for 67\u202f% of the total identified polyphenols. The polar extracts exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity in all assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1517_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>F.\u00a0agraria<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a valuable source of unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoids, particularly luteolin, which likely contribute to the antioxidant activity of its polar extracts. These findings support its traditional medicinal use and highlight its potential as a source of natural antioxidant compounds, although further\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies are required to confirm these results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2026-1517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:56:53Z","timestamp":1788886613000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenolic and fatty acid profile and antioxidant activity of\n                    <i>Fumaria agraria<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdaous","family":"Albouchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies IPEST, University of Carthage , Carthage , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi Maria","family":"Lo Dico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia \u201cA. Mirri\u201d , Palermo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luay","family":"Rashan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Unit, Research Center, Dhofar University , Salalah , Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , School of Medicine, University of Catania , Catania , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manef","family":"Abderrabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies IPEST, University of Carthage , Carthage , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_001","unstructured":"Shakya, AK. Medicinal plants: future source of new drugs. Int J Herb Med 2016;4:59\u201364."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savithramma, N, Yugandhar, P, Prasad, KS, Ankanna, S, Chetty, KM. Ethnomedicinal studies on plants used by Yanadi tribe of Chandragiri reserve forest area, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. J\u00a0Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016;5:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/jice.20160122065531.","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20160122065531"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0103ltinean, R, Mocan, A, Vlase, L, Gheldiu, AM, Cri\u015fan, G, Ielciu, I, et al.. Evaluation of polyphenolic content, antioxidant and diuretic activities of six Fumaria species. Molecules 2017;22:639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22040639.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22040639"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R, Guo, Q, Kennelly, EJ, Long, C, Chai, X. Diverse alkaloids and biological activities of Fumaria (Papaveraceae): an ethnomedicinal group. Fitoterapia 2020;146:104697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104697.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104697"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orhan, IE, Ozturk, N, Sener, B. Antiprotozoal assessment and phenolic acid profiling of five Fumaria (Fumitory) species. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2015;8:283\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60331-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60331-X"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamtache-Abderrahim, S, Lequart-Pillon, M, Gontier, E, Gaillard, I, Pilard, S, Mathiron, D, et al.. Isoquinoline alkaloid fractions of Fumaria officinalis: characterization and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Ind Crops Prod 2016;94:1001\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.09.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.09.016"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_007","unstructured":"Sou\u0161ek, J, Vavreckova, C, Psotova, J, Ulrichova, J, \u0160im\u00e1nek, V. Antioxidant and antilipoperoxidant activities of alkaloid and phenolic extracts of eight Fumaria species. In: II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 2: Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Phytomedicine, Toxicology 501; 1997:239\u201344 pp."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignesh, A, Sivalingam, R, Selvakumar, S, Vasanth, K. A review on ethnomedicinal and phytopharmacological potential of traditionally wild and endemic plant Berberis tinctoria Lesch. Thai J Pharm Sci 2022;46:137\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56808\/3027-7922.2554.","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2554"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, KS, Antoniosi Filho, NR. Characterization and quantification by gas chromatography of free steroids in unsaponifiable matter of vegetable oils. J\u00a0Braz Chem Soc 2014;25:238\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/0103-5053.20130288.","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-5053.20130288"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, HH, Kuo, CH. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies for fatty acid analysis in biological samples. J\u00a0Food Drug Anal 2020;28:60\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfda.2019.10.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2019.10.003"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farag, MA, Huhman, DV, Lei, Z, Sumner, LW. Metabolic profiling and systematic identification of flavonoids and isoflavonoids in roots and cell suspension cultures of Medicago truncatula using HPLC\u2013UV\u2013ESI\u2013MS and GC\u2013MS. Phytochemistry 2007;68:342\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.10.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.10.023"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vos, RC, Moco, S, Lommen, A, Keurentjes, JJ, Bino, RJ, Hall, RD. Untargeted large-scale plant metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2007;2:778\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2007.95.","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.95"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tautenhahn, R, Bottcher, C, Neumann, S. Highly sensitive feature detection for high resolution LC\/MS. BMC Bioinf 2008;9:504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-9-504.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-504"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarikurkcu, C, Hanine, H, Sarikurkcu, RB, Sarikurkcu, RT, Amarowicz, R. Micromeria myrtifolia: the influence of the extracting solvents on phenolic composition and biological activity. Ind Crops Prod 2020;145:111923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111923.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111923"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albouchi, F, Hassen, I, Casabianca, H, Hosni, K. Phytochemicals, antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle leaves. S Afr J Bot 2013;87:164\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.04.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.04.003"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touihri, I, Kallech-Ziri, O, Boulila, A, Fatnassi, S, Marrakchi, N, Luis, J, et al.. Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. seed oil: chemical composition and antiproliferative effect on human colonic adenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma cancer cell lines. Arab J Chem 2019;12:2347\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.02.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.02.023"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albouchi, F, Avola, R, Dico, GML, Calabrese, V, Graziano, ACE, Abderrabba, M, et al.. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. Polyphenols modulate interferon gamma\/histamine-induced inflammation in human NCTC 2544 keratinocytes. Molecules 2018;23:2526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23102526.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102526"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cseke, LJ, Kirakosyan, A, Kaufman, PB, Warber, S, Duke, JA, Brielmann, HL. Natural products from plants. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis Group; 2016.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004472"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azwanida, N. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Med Aromat Plants 2015;4:196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2167-0412.1000196.","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0412.1000196"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sticher, O. Natural product isolation. Nat Prod Rep 2008;25:517\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b700306b.","DOI":"10.1039\/b700306b"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_021","unstructured":"Tiwari, P, Kumar, B, Kaur, M, Kaur, G, Kaur, H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Int Pharm Sci 2011;1:98\u2013106."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_022","unstructured":"Harborne, AJ. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. London, UK: Chapman & Hall; 1998."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_023","unstructured":"Ivanov, I, Vrancheva, R, Marchev, A, Petkova, N, Aneva, I, Denev, P, et al.. Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds in Bulgarian Fumaria species. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014;3:296\u2013306."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_024","unstructured":"Riaz, T, Abbasi, MA, Ajaib, M. Fumaria indica: a valuable natural source of antioxidants for protection against oxidative stress. In: Proceedings of the International Conference; 2012."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, CC, Yang, MH, Wen, HM, Chern, JC. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J\u00a0Food Drug Anal 2002;10:178\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38212\/2224-6614.2748.","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.2748"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_026","unstructured":"Vrancheva, RZ, Ivanov, IG, Aneva, IY, Dincheva, IN, Badjakov, IK, Pavlov, AI. GC-MS based metabolite profiling of five Bulgarian Fumaria species. J\u00a0BioSci Biotechnol 2014;3:195\u2013201."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_027","unstructured":"Tirtash, FH, Keshavarzi, M, Fazeli, F. Antioxidant components of Fumaria species (Papaveraceae). Int J Biol Biomed Eng 2011;5:57\u201360."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbouchi, M, Elamrani, K, El Idrissi, M, Choukrad, M. A comparative study on phytochemical screening, quantification of phenolic contents and antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts from various parts of Pistacia lentiscus L. J\u00a0King Saud Univ Sci 2020;32:302\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.05.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.05.010"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caban, M, Lewandowska, U. Polyphenols and the potential mechanisms of their therapeutic benefits against inflammatory bowel diseases. J\u00a0Funct Foods 2022;95:105181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105181"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gori, M, Altomare, A, Cocca, S, Solida, E, Ribolsi, M, Carotti, S, et al.. Palmitic acid affects intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and permeability in\u00a0vitro. Antioxidants 2020;9:417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9050417.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050417"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, GR, Mohana, T, Athesh, K, Hillary, VE, Vasconcelos, ABS, Franca, MNFD, et al.. Anti-inflammatory natural products modulate interleukins and their related signaling markers in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. J\u00a0Pharm Anal 2023;13:1408\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.09.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.09.012"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boo, YC. Can plant phenolic compounds protect the skin from airborne particulate matter? Antioxidants 2019;8:379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox8090379.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090379"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Codo, TNM, Marquardt, P, Ahyi, V, Fester, K, Spiegler, V, Vissiennon, C. Anti-inflammatory potential of phenolic compounds isolated from Entada africana Guill. & Perr. used in the Republic of Benin. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:931240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.931240.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.931240"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzia\u0142o, M, Mierziak, J, Korzun, U, Preisner, M, Szopa, J, Kulma, A. The potential of plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17020160.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020160"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fratianni, F, d\u2019Acierno, A, Ombra, MN, Amato, G, De Feo, V, Ayala-Zavala, JF, et al.. Fatty acid composition, antioxidant, and in\u00a0vitro anti-inflammatory activity of five cold-pressed Prunus seed oils, and their anti-biofilm effect against pathogenic bacteria. Front Nutr 2021;8:775751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.775751.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.775751"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merecz-Sadowska, A, Sitarek, P, Kucharska, E, Kowalczyk, T, Zajdel, K, Ceglinski, T, et al.. Antioxidant properties of plant-derived phenolic compounds and their effect on skin fibroblast cells. Antioxidants 2021;10:726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10050726.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050726"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, YV, Bone, DE, Carrington, MF. Antioxidant activity of dulse (Palmaria palmata) extract evaluated in\u00a0vitro. Food Chem 2005;91:485\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.04.039.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.04.039"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, N, Kim, MY, Cho, JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin: a review of in\u00a0vitro, in\u00a0vivo, and in\u00a0silico studies. J\u00a0Ethnopharmacol 2018;225:342\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2018.05.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.05.019"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, KS, Yi, YS, Son, YJ, Yoo, S, Sung, NY, Kim, Y, et al.. In vitro and in\u00a0vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Korean Red Ginseng-derived components. J\u00a0Ginseng Res 2016;40:437\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.003"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, KS, Yi, YS, Son, YJ, Jeong, D, Sung, NY, Aravinthan, A, et al.. Comparison of anticancer activities of Korean Red Ginseng-derived fractions. J\u00a0Ginseng Res 2017;41:386\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.11.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.11.001"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, MR, Kwak, SM, Bang, SH, Jeong, JE, Kim, DJ. Chronic saponin treatment attenuates damage to the pancreas in chronic alcohol-treated diabetic rats. J\u00a0Ginseng Res 2017;41:503\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.09.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.09.002"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00e1zaro, M. Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini-Rev Med Chem 2009;9:31\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138955709787001712.","DOI":"10.2174\/138955709787001712"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T, Yang, Y, Kwak, YS, Song, GG, Kim, MY, Rhee, MH, et al.. Ginsenoside Rc from Panax ginseng exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase 1\/interferon regulatory factor-3 and p38\/ATF-2. J\u00a0Ginseng Res 2017;41:127\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.02.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.02.001"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guazelli, CF, Fattori, V, Ferraz, CR, Borghi, SM, Casagrande, R, Baracat, MM, et al.. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin methyl chalcone in experimental ulcerative colitis. Chem Biol Interact 2021;333:109315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109315.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109315"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginwala, R, Bhavsar, R, Chigbu, DGI, Jain, P, Khan, ZK. Potential role of flavonoids in treating chronic inflammatory diseases with a special focus on the anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin. Antioxidants 2019;8:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox8020035.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8020035"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, HP, Son, KH, Chang, HW, Kang, SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J\u00a0Pharmacol Sci 2004;96:229\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1254\/jphs.crj04003x.","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CRJ04003X"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L, Peng, P, Ding, N, Jia, W, Huang, C, Tang, Y. Oxidative stress, inflammation, gut dysbiosis: what can polyphenols do in inflammatory bowel disease? Antioxidants 2023;12:967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12040967.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040967"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, C, Liu, X, Chang, Y, Wang, R, Lv, T, Cui, C, et al.. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin and quercetin. S Afr J Bot 2021;137:257\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.10.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.10.022"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romier, B, Schneider, YJ, Larondelle, Y, During, A. Dietary polyphenols can modulate the intestinal inflammatory response. Nutr Rev 2009;67:363\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00210.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00210.x"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, MLY, Co, VA, El-Nezami, H. Dietary polyphenol impact on gut health and microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021;61:690\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1744512.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1744512"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_051","unstructured":"Carrillo P\u00e9rez, C, Cavia Camarero, MM, Alonso de la Torre, S. Role of oleic acid in immune system; mechanism of action; a review. Nutr Hosp 2012;27:978\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3305\/nh.2012.27.4.5783."},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe, E, Min, DB. Mechanisms and factors for edible oil oxidation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2006;5:169\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finicelli, M, Squillaro, T, Di Cristo, F, Di Salle, A, Melone, MAB, Galderisi, U, et al.. Metabolic syndrome, Mediterranean diet, and polyphenols: evidence and perspectives. J\u00a0Cell Physiol 2019;234:5807\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.27506.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27506"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo, MA, Carretta, MD, Burgos, RA. Long chain fatty acids as modulators of immune cells function: contribution of FFA1 and FFA4 receptors. Front Physiol 2021;12:668330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.668330.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.668330"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, W, Kuku\u0142a-Koch, W, Czop, M, Helon, P, Gumbarewicz, E. The role of extracting solvents in the recovery of polyphenols from green tea and its antiradical activity supported by principal component analysis. Molecules 2020;25:2173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25092173.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092173"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meneses, NGT, Martins, S, Teixeira, JA, Mussatto, SI. Influence of extraction solvents on the recovery of antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewer\u2019s spent grains. Sep Purif Technol 2013;108:152\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.02.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.02.015"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, H, Deng, Z, Chen, X, Sun, Y, Zhang, B, Li, H. Major chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of different extracts from the peduncles of Hovenia acerba Lindl. Int J Food Prop 2018;21:2135\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10942912.2018.1497059.","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2018.1497059"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Ameur, R, Rekik, I, Hamdaoui, N, Soltani, S, T\u00e9n\u00e9, N, Treilhou, M, et al.. LC-HESI-MS\/MS profiling and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-\u03b1-amylase, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of Rhus tripartitum L. leaf extract: in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0silico studies. Chem Biodivers 2026;23:e03281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202503281.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202503281"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heim, KE, Tagliaferro, AR, Bobilya, DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J\u00a0Nutr Biochem 2002;13:572\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0955-2863(02)00208-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(02)00208-5"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietta, PG. Flavonoids as antioxidants. J\u00a0Nat Prod 2000;63:1035\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/np9904509.","DOI":"10.1021\/np9904509"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bors, W, Heller, W, Michel, C, Saran, M. Flavonoids as antioxidants: determination of radical-scavenging efficiencies. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:343\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86128-i.","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86128-I"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leopoldini, M, Russo, N, Toscano, M. The molecular basis of working mechanism of natural polyphenolic antioxidants. Food Chem 2011;125:288\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.08.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.08.012"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahmi, F, Mechri, B, Dabbou, S, Dhibi, M, Hammami, M. The efficacy of phenolics compounds with different polarities as antioxidants from olive leaves depending on seasonal variations. Ind Crops Prod 2012;38:146\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.01.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.01.023"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Euch, SK, Bouajila, J, Bouzouita, N. Chemical composition, biological and cytotoxic activities of Cistus salviifolius flower buds and leaves extracts. Ind Crops Prod 2015;76:1100\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.08.033.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.08.033"},{"key":"2026090816564583725_j_med-2026-1517_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice-Evans, C, Miller, N, Paganga, G. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Plant Sci 1997;2:152\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1360-1385(97)01018-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(97)01018-2"}],"container-title":["Open Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/med-2026-1517\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/med-2026-1517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:57:10Z","timestamp":1788886630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/med-2026-1517\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/med-2026-1517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/med-2026-1517","relation":{},"ISSN":["2391-5463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2391-5463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"20261517"}}