{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:06:08Z","timestamp":1790262368512,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1532_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze the differences in the burden and trend of disability caused by stroke in \u201cBelt and Road\u201d (\u201cB&amp;R\u201d) countries from 1990 to\u00a02021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1532_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied GBD 2021 to compare stroke incidence, mortality, the years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021 in the \u201cB&amp;R\u201d countries. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was used to analyze the temporal trends of age-standardized YLDs rate of stroke from 1990 to 2021 by Joinpoint regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1532_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>China, India and Indonesia had the highest absolute stroke numbers of stroke. From 1990 to 2021, the AAPC values of age-standardized metrics showed a downward trend in most of \u201cB&amp;R\u201d countries. Turkmenistan had the highest increase in AAPCs of age-standardized YLDs rate for men (AAPC=0.60\u202f%), while for women Philippines had the highest increase (AAPC=0.57\u202f%). For under 15\u00a0years, YLDs due to stroke in most member states showed a downward trend, while increasing trends were noted in Saudi Arabia and Turkmenistan. Globally, metabolic, environmental\/occupational and behavioral risk factors showed significant reductions (AAPC:\u00a0\u22120.12\u202f%,\u00a0\u22120.92\u202f%, and\u00a0\u22120.53\u202f%, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_med-2026-1532_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall burden of stroke remains enormous, with regional, age and gender disparities. Enhanced health cooperation among B&amp;R countries is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2026-1532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:25:07Z","timestamp":1790259907000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in the burden and temporal trend of stroke in the Belt and Road Initiative countries, 1990-2021"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1371-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huihui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health , Wuhan Fourth Hospital Wuhan , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management Center , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University , Shanghai , China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092414061661256_j_med-2026-1532_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W, Hughes, AC, Sachdeva, G, Narain, D, Zhou, T, Wang, Y, et al.. 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