{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T21:10:14Z","timestamp":1717881014427},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Norepinephrine (NE) released from the sympathetic nerve endings is the main neurotransmitter controlling melatonin synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland. Although neuropeptide Y (NPY) co-exists with NE in the pineal sympathetic nerve fibers it also occurs in a population of non-adrenergic nerve fibers located in this gland. The role of NPY in pineal physiology is still enigmatic. The present study characterizes the effect of NPY on the depolarization-evoked<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H-NE release from the pig pineal explants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The explants of the pig pineal gland were loaded with<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H-NE in the presence of pargyline and superfused with Tyrode medium. They were exposed twice to the modified Tyrode medium containing 60 mM of K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>to evoke the<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H-NE release via depolarization. NPY, specific agonists of Y<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>- and Y<jats:sub>2-<\/jats:sub>receptors and pharmacologically active ligands of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-adrenoceptors were added to the medium before and during the second depolarization. The radioactivity was measured in medium fractions collected every 2 minutes during the superfusion.<\/jats:p><jats:p>NPY (0.1 \u2013 10 \u03bcM) significantly decreased the depolarization-induced<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H-NE release. Similar effect was observed after the treatment with Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-agonist: NPY<jats:sub>13-36<\/jats:sub>, but not with Y<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-agonist: [Leu<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>, Pro<jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>]-NPY. The tritium overflow was lower in the explants exposed to the 5 \u03bcM NPY and 1 \u03bcM rauwolscine than to rauwolscine only. The effects of 5 \u03bcM NPY and 0.05 \u03bcM UK 14,304 on the depolarization-evoked<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H-NE release were additive.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The results show that NPY is involved in the regulation of NE release from the sympathetic terminals in the pig pineal gland, inhibiting this process via Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T15:36:50Z","timestamp":1430840210000},"page":"53-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuropeptide Y as a presynaptic modulator of norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nerve fibers in the pig pineal gland"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Lewczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Przybylska-Gornowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref961","first-page":"153","article-title":"Neuropeptide in the mammalian pineal gland In eds in Company Ltd","author":"Olcese","year":"1994","journal-title":"Advances Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12128","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes a","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"review J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1987.tb00849.x","article-title":"Morphology of the pineal gland in pregnant and nursing sows","author":"Wyrzykowski","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref1061","first-page":"777","article-title":"and peptidergic regulations of hydroxyindole methyltransferase in rat pineal gland","author":"Ribelayga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.1.43","article-title":"tuning of sympathetic transmitter release via ionotropic and metabotropic presynaptic receptors","volume":"54","author":"Boehm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.1.43","article-title":"tuning of sympathetic transmitter release via ionotropic and metabotropic presynaptic receptors","volume":"54","author":"Boehm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000126856","article-title":"Neuropeptide distribution of immunoreactivity and quantitative analysis in diencephalic structures and cerebral cortex of dwarf hamsters under different photoperiods","author":"Reuss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"38","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of substance in the pineal gland of the domestic pig","author":"Przybylska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histochem"},{"key":"ref671","first-page":"308","article-title":"BH - 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aminobutyric acid on norepinephrine release and uptake in rat pineal gland","author":"Rosenstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Gen Sect"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00355.x","article-title":"a Effects of sympathicolytic and sympathicomimetic drugs on pineal ultrastructure in the domestic pig","volume":"23","author":"Lewczuk","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"633","article-title":"The foetal pig pineal gland is richly innervated by nerve fibers containing catecholamine - synthesizing enzymes neuropeptide terminal flanking peptide of NPY but it does not secrete melatonin","volume":"28","author":"Bulc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"ref991","first-page":"239","article-title":"Postnatal changes in adrenergic and neuropeptide containing nerve fibres in pineal gland of the pig An immunohistochemical study","author":"Przybylska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Histochem"},{"key":"ref661","first-page":"748","article-title":"der BH a Norepinephrine release in the rat pineal gland : the input from the biological clock measured by in vivo microdialysis","author":"Drijfhout","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12128","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes a","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"review J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"261","article-title":"Martinet Innervation of the mink pineal with neuropeptide - 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O - methyltransferase activity in the pineal gland of the european hamster cricetus","author":"Ribelayga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ultrastructure of pig pinealocytes in various stages of the sexual cycle : a quantitative study","author":"Przybylska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cytobios"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19990815\/01)46:4\/5<235::AID-JEMT1>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Introduction to mammalian pineal innervation","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res Tech"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"307","article-title":"Evidence for different pre - and post - junctional receptors for neuropeptide related peptides","volume":"13","author":"Wahlestedt","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"777","article-title":"and peptidergic regulations of hydroxyindole methyltransferase in rat pineal gland","author":"Ribelayga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08241.x","article-title":"Neuropeptide an endogenous inhibitor of norepinephrine stimulated melatonin secretion in the rat pineal gland","author":"Olcese","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref311","article-title":"Neuropeptide in the adult and fetal human pineal gland","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Int"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:9:1:89","article-title":"and peptidergic control of the regulation of cAMP efflux and melatonin secretion from perifused rat pineal gland","author":"Rekasi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"17","article-title":"Immunohistochemical studies on the coexistence of catecholamine - synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptide Y in nerve fibers of the porcine pineal gland","author":"Kaleczyc","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref891","first-page":"291","article-title":"Annual variations of the NPYergic innervation of the pineal gland of the European hamster cricetus a quantitative immunohistochemical study","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"ref911","article-title":"Neuropeptide in the adult and fetal human pineal gland","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Int"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leu Pro neuropeptide a specific receptor agonist","volume":"31","author":"Fuhlendorff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref1191","first-page":"265","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase - and neuropeptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the pineal complex of untreated rats and rats following removal of the superior cervical ganglia","author":"Zhang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"ref1021","first-page":"38","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of substance in the pineal gland of the domestic pig","author":"Przybylska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histochem"},{"key":"ref821","first-page":"581","article-title":"bromoacetyltryptamine strongly and reversibly inhibits in vitro melatonin secretion from mammalian pinealocytes","volume":"26","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref491","first-page":"2123","article-title":"Selective adrenergic \/ cyclic AMP - dependent switch - off of proteasomal proteolysis alone switches on neural signal transduction : an example from the pineal gland","author":"Schomerus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref431","article-title":"Vasopressinergic innervation of the pig pineal gland","volume":"40","author":"Przybylska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histochem"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"163","article-title":"a Neuropeptide effects in the rat pineal gland In eds in","author":"Simonneaux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Advances Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"283","article-title":"a The effect of continuous darkness and illumination on the function and the morphology of the pineal gland in the domestic pig Part The effect on plasma melatonin level","volume":"21","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref831","article-title":"Adrenergic activation of melatonin secretion in ovine pineal explants in short - term superfusion culture occurs via protein synthesis independent and dependent phenomena","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Int"},{"key":"ref1091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0752123.x","article-title":"Selective adrenergic \/ cyclic AMP - 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containing nerve fibers An experimental immunohistochemical study","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"ref1161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17100","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150917100","article-title":"Abnormal response of the proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes to melatonin in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref1001","first-page":"248","article-title":"Demonstration of nerve fibers containing the terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide in the pig pineal gland domesticus an immunocytochemical study by light and electron microscopy","author":"Przybylska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00711307","article-title":"In vitro effect of neuropeptide Y on melatonin and norepinephrine release in rat pineal gland","author":"Vacas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref651","first-page":"316","article-title":"Neuropeptide - 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