{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T22:44:24Z","timestamp":1768430664216,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apart from the HH equation, the acid-base balance of an organism is also described by the Stewart model, which assumes that the proper insight into the ABB of the organism is given by an analysis of: pCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, the difference of concentrations of strong cations and anions in the blood serum \u2013 SID, and the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids \u2013 Acid total. The notion of an anion gap (AG), or the apparent lack of ions, is closely related to the acid-base balance described according to the HH equation. Its value mainly consists of negatively charged proteins, phosphates, and sulphates in blood. In the human medicine, a modified anion gap is used, which, including the concentration of the protein buffer of blood, is, in fact, the combination of the apparent lack of ions derived from the classic model and the Stewart model. In brachycephalic dogs, respiratory acidosis often occurs, which is caused by an overgrowth of the soft palate, making it impossible for a free air flow and causing an increase in pCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013 carbonic acid anhydride The aim of the present paper was an attempt to answer the question whether, in the case of systemic respiratory acidosis, changes in the concentration of buffering ions can also be seen. The study was carried out on 60 adult dogs of boxer breed in which, on the basis of the results of endoscopic examination, a strong overgrowth of the soft palate requiring a surgical correction was found. For each dog, the value of the anion gap before and after the palate correction procedure was calculated according to the following equation: AG = ([Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>mmol\/l] + [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>mmol\/l]) \u2013 ([Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>mmol\/l]+[HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>mmol\/l]) as well as the value of the modified AG \u2013 according to the following equation: AG<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>= calculated AG + 2.5 \u00d7 (albumins<jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\u2013 albumins<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>). The values of AG calculated for the dogs before and after the procedure fell within the limits of the reference values and did not differ significantly whereas the values of AG<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>calculated for the dogs before and after the procedure differed from each other significantly. Conclusions: 1) On the basis of the values of AG<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>obtained it should be stated that in spite of finding respiratory acidosis in the examined dogs, changes in ion concentration can also be seen, which, according to the Stewart theory, compensate metabolic ABB disorders 2) In spite of the fact that all the values used for calculation of AG<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>were within the limits of reference values, the values of AG<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>in dogs before and after the soft palate correction procedure differed from each other significantly, which proves high sensitivity and usefulness of the AG<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>calculation as a diagnostic method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T15:36:50Z","timestamp":1430840210000},"page":"217-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The use of elements of the Stewart model (Strong Ion Approach) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap (AGm) in brachycephalic dogs"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"S\u0142awuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Gli\u0144ska-Suchocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Cekiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref311","first-page":"9","article-title":"Independent and dependent variables of acid base control","volume":"33","author":"Stewart","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0065","article-title":"An attempt to use the peritoneal cavity fluid in the diagnostics of acid - 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base status in healthy dogs and dogs with different diseases","author":"Siegling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50061-6","article-title":"Strong ion difference approach to acid - base imbalances with clinical applications to dogs and cats Vet","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Russell Clin Am Small Pract"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1047","article-title":"Calculation of the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids and the effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in plasma for use in the strong ion approach to acid - base balance in cats","author":"McCullough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with thiopental propofol or a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in dogs sedated with a combination of medetomidine and hydromorphone","author":"Enouri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"184","article-title":"to bedside Fundamental principles of acid - base","author":"Corey HE","year":"2005","journal-title":"review physiology Crit Care"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"237","article-title":"comparison of acepromazine - buprenorphine and medetomidine - buprenorphine for preanesthetic medication of dogs","author":"Grint","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"4","article-title":"of blood pH in health disease","author":"Kellum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"quantitative acid base chemistry Can","author":"Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Modern J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref571","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill part Classification pathophysiology","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-011-0122-8","article-title":"Comparison of the utility of the classic model the - 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induction of anaesthesia with propofol in dogs","author":"Covey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"117","article-title":"The role of serum proteins in acid - base equilibria","author":"Figge","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6200","article-title":"Causes of metabolic acidosis in canine hemorrhagic shock : role of unmeasured ions","volume":"11","author":"Bruegger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"1","article-title":"and metabolic compensation in dogs with acid - base disturbances Vet","author":"De Morais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref221","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill part Classification pathophysiology","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"115","article-title":"Clinical assessment of acid - base status : comparison of the and strong ion approaches Vet","volume":"29","author":"Constable","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"237","article-title":"comparison of acepromazine - buprenorphine and medetomidine - buprenorphine for preanesthetic medication of dogs","author":"Grint","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00019","article-title":"Anion gap hypoalbuminemia","volume":"26","author":"Figge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref331","article-title":"biochemiczne krwi In ed referencyjne podstawowych bada\u0144 laboratoryjnych weterynarii","author":"Winnicka","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-011-0011-1","article-title":"Influence of the wing - of - the - nostrils correction procedure on the change of the acid - base balance parameters and oxygen concentration in the arterial blood in French bulldogs","volume":"14","author":"S\u0142awuta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref451","first-page":"1","article-title":"and metabolic compensation in dogs with acid - base disturbances Vet","author":"De Morais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-011-0122-8","article-title":"Comparison of the utility of the classic model the - Hasselbach equation and the model Strong Ion Approach ) for the diagnostics of acid - base balance disorders in dogs with right sided heart failure","volume":"15","author":"S\u0142awuta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"1229","article-title":"physical - chemical analysis of the acid - base response to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Can","author":"Alfaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000053256.77500.9D","article-title":"acidosis the classic example of strong ion acidosis","author":"Constable","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"184","article-title":"to bedside Fundamental principles of acid - 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