{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:44:45Z","timestamp":1792226685232,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was designed to determine the degree and type of bacterial contamination in boar semen (79 ejaculates from Large White and Landrace boars) and its consequences for sperm quality during storage (27 extended semen samples, 16\u00b0C for five days) under practical conditions of artificial insemination (AI). The results revealed the presence of aerobic bacteria in 99% of the ejaculates (from 80 to 370 \u00d710<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> colony-forming units\/mL). Most of the ejaculates contained two or three bacterial contaminants, while the <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> bacterial genera were most frequently isolated. Also detected were <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. fluorescens<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>. In general, the growth of certain bacterial types isolated prior to semen processing (<jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. fluorescens<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>) was not discovered on different days of storage, but fluctuations (with a tendency towards increases) were found in the frequencies of <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. isolates up to the end of storage. Semen preserved for five days exhibited decreases in sperm motility and increases in the average number of total aerobic bacteria; this was associated with sperm agglutination, plasma membrane disruption, and acrosome damage. We inferred that, due to the different degrees and types of bacterial contaminants in the boar ejaculates, the inhibitory activity of some antimicrobial agents used in swine extenders (such as gentamicin sulfate) may be limited. Because such agents can contribute to the overgrowth of certain aerobic bacteria and a reduction in the quality of stored semen, procedures with high standards of hygiene and microbiological control should be used when processing boar semen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]],"date-time":"2016-10-19T10:02:47Z","timestamp":1476871367000},"page":"451-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Bacterial Contamination of Boar Semen and its Relationship to Sperm Quality Preserved in Commercial Extender Containing Gentamicin Sulfate"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"G\u0105czarzewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Uda\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"B\u0142aszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Stankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref241","article-title":"Cationic synthetic peptides : assessment of their antimicrobial potency in liquid preserved boar semen One","author":"Speck","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effects of different concentrations of 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