{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T02:11:39Z","timestamp":1718849499983},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Buffer systems of blood and tissues, which have the ability to bind with and give up hydrogen ions, participate in maintaining the acid-base balance (ABB) of the organism. According to the classic model, the system of carbonic acid and bicarbonates, where the first component serves the role of an acid and the second a base, determines plasma pH. The so-called Stewart model, which assumes that ions in blood serum can be separated into completely dissociated \u2013 nonbuffer and not dissociated \u2013 buffer ions which may give up or accept H+ions, also describes the ABB of the organism. The goal of the study was to find out whether, during respiratory acidosis, the values of SID<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, SID<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, Atot\/A<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, SID<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>and SIG change. The study was carried out on 60 adult dogs of the boxer breed (32 males and 28 females) in which, on the basis of an arterial blood test, respiratory acidosis was found. A strong overgrowth of the soft palate tissue requiring a surgical correction was the cause of the ABB disorder. Prior to surgery and on the 14th day after the surgery, venous and arterial blood was drawn from each dog. ABB parameters were determined in the arterial blood sample: the blood pH, pCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. In the venous blood, concentration of Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, lactate<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, albumins, and Pinorganic was determined. On the basis of the obtained data, the values of SID<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, SID<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, SID<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>, A<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>and SIG, before and after the surgery, were calculated. In spite of the fact that the average concentration of ions, albumins, Pinorganic and lactate in the blood serum of dogs before and after the surgical procedure was similar and within the physiological norms, the values of SID<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, SID<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>and SIG, calculated on the basis of the former, displayed statistically significant differences. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained, it can be stated that the values of SID<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, SID<jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>and SIG change during respiratory acidosis and may be helpful in the diagnostics of ABB disorders in brachycephalic dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]],"date-time":"2016-10-19T10:02:47Z","timestamp":1476871367000},"page":"633-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Use of Elements of the Stewart Model (Strong Ion Approach) \u2013 SID3, SID4, Atot\/A\u2212, SIDe and SIG for the Diagnostics of Respiratory Acidosis in Brachycephalic Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"S\u0142awuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Sapikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Sobieraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref411","first-page":"1","article-title":"and metabolic compensation in dogs with acid - base disturbances Vet","author":"De Morais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"2015","article-title":"The use of elements of the Stewart model ( Strong Ion Approach ) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"18","author":"S\u0142awuta","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref641","first-page":"2015","article-title":"gas analysis in dogs in veterinary practice Kleintiere Heimtiere","author":"Wagner","journal-title":"Blood review Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"53","article-title":"Finsterer The model Modern approach to the interpretation of the acid - base metabolism","author":"Rehm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"117","article-title":"The role of serum proteins in acid - base equilibria","author":"Figge","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"229","article-title":"Introduction to acid base disorders In ed Fluid electrolyte and acid base disorders in small animal practice St pp","author":"Di Bartola","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"4","article-title":"Determinants of blood pH in health disease","author":"Kellum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1047","article-title":"Calculation of the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids and the effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in plasma for use in the strong ion approach to acid - base balance in cats","author":"McCullough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref471","first-page":"237","article-title":"comparison of acepromazine - buprenorphine and medetomidine - buprenorphine for preanesthetic medication of dogs","author":"Grint","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"4","article-title":"Determinants of blood pH in health disease","author":"Kellum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50061-6","article-title":"Strong ion difference approach to acid - base imbalances with clinical applications to dogs and cats Vet","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Russell Clin Am Small Pract"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"10","article-title":"Strong ion gap a methodology for exploring unexplained anions","author":"Kellum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"9","article-title":"Independent and dependent variables of acid - base control","volume":"33","author":"Stewart","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-011-0011-1","article-title":"Influence of the wing - of - the - nostrils correction procedure on the change of the acid - base balance parameters and oxygen concentration in the arterial blood in French bulldogs","volume":"14","author":"S\u0142awuta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"184","article-title":"to bedside Fundamental principles of acid - base","author":"Corey HE","year":"2005","journal-title":"review physiology Crit Care"},{"key":"ref541","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill part Classification pathophysiology","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with thiopental propofol or a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in dogs sedated with a combination of medetomidine and hydromorphone","author":"Enouri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref491","first-page":"1","article-title":"PH MS a Evaluation of acid - base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room Part comparison of three methods of acid - base analysis Vet San","volume":"24","author":"Hopper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"31","article-title":"ES What is the ultimate goal in acid - base regulation","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000053256.77500.9D","article-title":"acidosis the classic example of strong ion acidosis","author":"Constable","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-011-0011-1","article-title":"Influence of the wing - of - the - nostrils correction procedure on the change of the acid - base balance parameters and oxygen concentration in the arterial blood in French bulldogs","volume":"14","author":"S\u0142awuta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"quantitative acid base chemistry Can","author":"Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Modern J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref521","first-page":"10","article-title":"Strong ion gap a methodology for exploring unexplained anions","author":"Kellum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"14","article-title":"Introduction to an alternate view of acid \/ base balance : the strong ion difference or approach","volume":"15","author":"Boyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"69","article-title":"Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone - hydroxypropyl - beta - cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs","author":"Ambros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"184","article-title":"to bedside Fundamental principles of acid - base","author":"Corey HE","year":"2005","journal-title":"review physiology Crit Care"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00408.x","article-title":"Fentanyl or midazolam for co - induction of anaesthesia with propofol in dogs","author":"Covey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50061-6","article-title":"Strong ion difference approach to acid - base imbalances with clinical applications to dogs and cats Vet","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Russell Clin Am Small Pract"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill part Classification pathophysiology","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"115","article-title":"Clinical assessment of acid - base status : comparison of the and strong ion approaches Vet","volume":"29","author":"Constable","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with thiopental propofol or a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in dogs sedated with a combination of medetomidine and hydromorphone","author":"Enouri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"2015","article-title":"The use of elements of the Stewart model ( Strong Ion Approach ) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"18","author":"S\u0142awuta","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"69","article-title":"Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone - hydroxypropyl - beta - cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs","author":"Ambros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02719.x","article-title":"Experimental determination of net protein charge tot a of non - volatile buffers in canine plasma","volume":"19","author":"Constable","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02719.x","article-title":"Experimental determination of net protein charge tot a of non - volatile buffers in canine plasma","volume":"19","author":"Constable","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1047","article-title":"Calculation of the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids and the effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in plasma for use in the strong ion approach to acid - base balance in cats","author":"McCullough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"561","article-title":"Contemporary approach to acid - base balance and its disorders in dogs and cats","volume":"13","author":"S\u0142awuta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref581","first-page":"120","article-title":"Qualification of the Stewart variables for the assessment of the acid - base status in healthy dogs and dogs with different diseases","author":"Siegling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"162","article-title":"Diagnosis of metabolic acid - base disturbances in critically ill patients","author":"Fencl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1","article-title":"and metabolic compensation in dogs with acid - base disturbances Vet","author":"De Morais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"quantitative acid base chemistry Can","author":"Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Modern J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12214","article-title":"PH MS Evaluation of acid - base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room Part comparison of anion gap strong ion gap and semiquantitative analysis Vet San","volume":"24","author":"Hopper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"14","article-title":"Introduction to an alternate view of acid \/ base balance : the strong ion difference or approach","volume":"15","author":"Boyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"162","article-title":"Diagnosis of metabolic acid - base disturbances in critically ill patients","author":"Fencl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00941.x","article-title":"Evaluation of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"26","author":"Hoareau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"53","article-title":"Finsterer The model Modern approach to the interpretation of the acid - base metabolism","author":"Rehm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12214","article-title":"PH MS Evaluation of acid - base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room Part comparison of anion gap strong ion gap and semiquantitative analysis Vet San","volume":"24","author":"Hopper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref281","first-page":"561","article-title":"Contemporary approach to acid - base balance and its disorders in dogs and cats","volume":"13","author":"S\u0142awuta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00019","article-title":"Anion gap hypoalbuminemia","volume":"26","author":"Figge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"229","article-title":"Introduction to acid base disorders In ed Fluid electrolyte and acid base disorders in small animal practice St pp","author":"Di Bartola","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"2015","article-title":"gas analysis in dogs in veterinary practice Kleintiere Heimtiere","author":"Wagner","journal-title":"Blood review Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00019","article-title":"Anion gap hypoalbuminemia","volume":"26","author":"Figge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"115","article-title":"Clinical assessment of acid - base status : comparison of the and strong ion approaches Vet","volume":"29","author":"Constable","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00941.x","article-title":"Evaluation of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"26","author":"Hoareau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"31","article-title":"ES What is the ultimate goal in acid - base regulation","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"120","article-title":"Qualification of the Stewart variables for the assessment of the acid - base status in healthy dogs and dogs with different diseases","author":"Siegling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl"},{"key":"ref621","first-page":"9","article-title":"Independent and dependent variables of acid - base control","volume":"33","author":"Stewart","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"1","article-title":"PH MS a Evaluation of acid - base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room Part comparison of three methods of acid - base analysis Vet San","volume":"24","author":"Hopper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00408.x","article-title":"Fentanyl or midazolam for co - induction of anaesthesia with propofol in dogs","author":"Covey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000053256.77500.9D","article-title":"acidosis the classic example of strong ion acidosis","author":"Constable","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"117","article-title":"The role of serum proteins in acid - base equilibria","author":"Figge","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"237","article-title":"comparison of acepromazine - buprenorphine and medetomidine - buprenorphine for preanesthetic medication of dogs","author":"Grint","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/pjvs\/19\/3\/article-p633.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/pjvs.2016.19.issue-3\/pjvs-2016-0079\/pjvs-2016-0079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T01:30:01Z","timestamp":1718847001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/121018\/edition\/105419\/content"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2300-2557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2300-2557","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]}}}